DBG 7.68-7.69
/
Latin
English
Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias , ut pro castris collocaverat , reduxit protinusque Alesiam , quod est oppidum Mandubiorum , iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit . Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis , duabus legionibus praesidio relictis , secutus quantum diei tempus est passum , circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit . Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus , quod equitatu , qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant , erant pulsi , adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : 4 reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : 4 reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
All
his
cavalry
being
routed
,
Vercingetorix
led
back
his
troops
in
the
same
order
as
he
had
arranged
them
before
the
camp
,
and
immediately
began
to
march
to
Alesia
,
which
is
a
town
of
the
Mandubii
,
and
ordered
the
baggage
to
be
speedily
brought
forth
from
the
camp
,
and
follow
him
closely
.
Caesar
,
having
conveyed
his
baggage
to
the
nearest
hill
,
and
having
left
two
legions
to
guard
it
,
pursued
as
far
as
the
time
of
day
would
permit
,
and
after
slaying
about
three
thousand
of
the
rear
of
the
enemy
,
encamped
at
Alesia
on
the
next
day
.
On
reconnoitering
the
situation
of
the
city
,
finding
that
the
enemy
were
panic-stricken
,
because
the
cavalry
in
which
they
placed
their
chief
reliance
,
were
beaten
,
he
encouraged
his
men
to
endure
the
toil
,
and
began
to
draw
a
line
of
circumvallation
round
Alesia
.
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
Nathaniel Hawthorne Comparison Paper
/
Latin
English
Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias , ut pro castris collocaverat , reduxit protinusque Alesiam , quod est oppidum Mandubiorum , iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit . Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis , duabus legionibus praesidio relictis , secutus quantum diei tempus est passum , circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit . Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus , quod equitatu , qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant , erant pulsi , adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
All
his
cavalry
being
routed
,
Vercingetorix
led
back
his
troops
in
the
same
order
as
he
had
arranged
them
before
the
camp
,
and
immediately
began
to
march
to
Alesia
,
which
is
a
town
of
the
Mandubii
,
and
ordered
the
baggage
to
be
speedily
brought
forth
from
the
camp
,
and
follow
him
closely
.
Caesar
,
having
conveyed
his
baggage
to
the
nearest
hill
,
and
having
left
two
legions
to
guard
it
,
pursued
as
far
as
the
time
of
day
would
permit
,
and
after
slaying
about
three
thousand
of
the
rear
of
the
enemy
,
encamped
at
Alesia
on
the
next
day
.
On
reconnoitering
the
situation
of
the
city
,
finding
that
the
enemy
were
panic-stricken
,
because
the
cavalry
in
which
they
placed
their
chief
reliance
,
were
beaten
,
he
encouraged
his
men
to
endure
the
toil
,
and
began
to
draw
a
line
of
circumvallation
round
Alesia
.
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
DBG 7: 68-69
/
Latin
English
Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias , ut pro castris collocaverat , reduxit protinusque Alesiam , quod est oppidum Mandubiorum , iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit . Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis , duabus legionibus praesidio relictis , secutus quantum diei tempus est passum , circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit . Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus , quod equitatu , qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant , erant pulsi , adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
All
his
cavalry
being
routed
,
Vercingetorix
led
back
his
troops
in
the
same
order
as
he
had
arranged
them
before
the
camp
,
and
immediately
began
to
march
to
Alesia
,
which
is
a
town
of
the
Mandubii
,
and
ordered
the
baggage
to
be
speedily
brought
forth
from
the
camp
,
and
follow
him
closely
.
Caesar
,
having
conveyed
his
baggage
to
the
nearest
hill
,
and
having
left
two
legions
to
guard
it
,
pursued
as
far
as
the
time
of
day
would
permit
,
and
after
slaying
about
three
thousand
of
the
rear
of
the
enemy
,
encamped
at
Alesia
on
the
next
day
.
On
reconnoitering
the
situation
of
the
city
,
finding
that
the
enemy
were
panic-stricken
,
because
the
cavalry
in
which
they
placed
their
chief
reliance
,
were
beaten
,
he
encouraged
his
men
to
endure
the
toil
,
and
began
to
draw
a
line
of
circumvallation
round
Alesia
.
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
7.68-69 De Bello Gallico
/
English
Latin
All his cavalry being routed , Vercingetorix led back his troops in the same order as he had arranged them before the camp , and immediately began to march to Alesia , which is a town of the Mandubii , and ordered the baggage to be speedily brought forth from the camp , and follow him closely . Caesar , having conveyed his baggage to the nearest hill , and having left two legions to guard it , pursued as far as the time of day would permit , and after slaying about three thousand of the rear of the enemy , encamped at Alesia on the next day . On reconnoitering the situation of the city , finding that the enemy were panic-stricken , because the cavalry in which they placed their chief reliance , were beaten , he encouraged his men to endure the toil , and began to draw a line of circumvallation round Alesia .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
Fugato
omni
equitatu
Vercingetorix
copias
,
ut
pro
castris
collocaverat
,
reduxit
protinusque
Alesiam
,
quod
est
oppidum
Mandubiorum
,
iter
facere
coepit
celeriterque
impedimenta
ex
castris
educi
et
se
subsequi
iussit
.
Caesar
impedimentis
in
proximum
collem
deductis
,
duabus
legionibus
praesidio
relictis
,
secutus
quantum
diei
tempus
est
passum
,
circiter
tribus
milibus
hostium
ex
novissimo
agmine
interfectis
altero
die
ad
Alesiam
castra
fecit
.
Perspecto
urbis
situ
perterritisque
hostibus
,
quod
equitatu
,
qua
maxime
parte
exercitus
confidebant
,
erant
pulsi
,
adhortatus
ad
laborem
milites
circumvallare
instituit
.
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay
/
Latin
English
Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias , ut pro castris collocaverat , reduxit protinusque Alesiam , quod est oppidum Mandubiorum , iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit . Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis , duabus legionibus praesidio relictis , secutus quantum diei tempus est passum , circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit . Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus , quod equitatu , qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant , erant pulsi , adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
All
his
cavalry
being
routed
,
Vercingetorix
led
back
his
troops
in
the
same
order
as
he
had
arranged
them
before
the
camp
,
and
immediately
began
to
march
to
Alesia
,
which
is
a
town
of
the
Mandubii
,
and
ordered
the
baggage
to
be
speedily
brought
forth
from
the
camp
,
and
follow
him
closely
.
Caesar
,
having
conveyed
his
baggage
to
the
nearest
hill
,
and
having
left
two
legions
to
guard
it
,
pursued
as
far
as
the
time
of
day
would
permit
,
and
after
slaying
about
three
thousand
of
the
rear
of
the
enemy
,
encamped
at
Alesia
on
the
next
day
.
On
reconnoitering
the
situation
of
the
city
,
finding
that
the
enemy
were
panic-stricken
,
because
the
cavalry
in
which
they
placed
their
chief
reliance
,
were
beaten
,
he
encouraged
his
men
to
endure
the
toil
,
and
began
to
draw
a
line
of
circumvallation
round
Alesia
.
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
DBG 7: 68-69
/
Latin
English
Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias , ut pro castris collocaverat , reduxit protinusque Alesiam , quod est oppidum Mandubiorum , iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit . Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis , duabus legionibus praesidio relictis , secutus quantum diei tempus est passum , circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit . Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus , quod equitatu , qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant , erant pulsi , adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
All
his
cavalry
being
routed
,
Vercingetorix
led
back
his
troops
in
the
same
order
as
he
had
arranged
them
before
the
camp
,
and
immediately
began
to
march
to
Alesia
,
which
is
a
town
of
the
Mandubii
,
and
ordered
the
baggage
to
be
speedily
brought
forth
from
the
camp
,
and
follow
him
closely
.
Caesar
,
having
conveyed
his
baggage
to
the
nearest
hill
,
and
having
left
two
legions
to
guard
it
,
pursued
as
far
as
the
time
of
day
would
permit
,
and
after
slaying
about
three
thousand
of
the
rear
of
the
enemy
,
encamped
at
Alesia
on
the
next
day
.
On
reconnoitering
the
situation
of
the
city
,
finding
that
the
enemy
were
panic-stricken
,
because
the
cavalry
in
which
they
placed
their
chief
reliance
,
were
beaten
,
he
encouraged
his
men
to
endure
the
toil
,
and
began
to
draw
a
line
of
circumvallation
round
Alesia
.
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
3/29
/
Latin
English
Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias , ut pro castris collocaverat , reduxit protinusque Alesiam , quod est oppidum Mandubiorum , iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit . Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis , duabus legionibus praesidio relictis , secutus quantum diei tempus est passum , circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit . Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus , quod equitatu , qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant , erant pulsi , adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
All
his
cavalry
being
routed
,
Vercingetorix
led
back
his
troops
in
the
same
order
as
he
had
arranged
them
before
the
camp
,
and
immediately
began
to
march
to
Alesia
,
which
is
a
town
of
the
Mandubii
,
and
ordered
the
baggage
to
be
speedily
brought
forth
from
the
camp
,
and
follow
him
closely
.
Caesar
,
having
conveyed
his
baggage
to
the
nearest
hill
,
and
having
left
two
legions
to
guard
it
,
pursued
as
far
as
the
time
of
day
would
permit
,
and
after
slaying
about
three
thousand
of
the
rear
of
the
enemy
,
encamped
at
Alesia
on
the
next
day
.
On
reconnoitering
the
situation
of
the
city
,
finding
that
the
enemy
were
panic-stricken
,
because
the
cavalry
in
which
they
placed
their
chief
reliance
,
were
beaten
,
he
encouraged
his
men
to
endure
the
toil
,
and
began
to
draw
a
line
of
circumvallation
round
Alesia
.
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
Tom Text Alignment 3/30
/
Latin
Akkadian
Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias , ut pro castris collocaverat , reduxit protinusque Alesiam , quod est oppidum Mandubiorum , iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit . Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis , duabus legionibus praesidio relictis , secutus quantum diei tempus est passum , circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit . Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus , quod equitatu , qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant , erant pulsi , adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
All
his
cavalry
being
routed
,
Vercingetorix
led
back
his
troops
in
the
same
order
as
he
had
arranged
them
before
the
camp
,
and
immediately
began
to
march
to
Alesia
,
which
is
a
town
of
the
Mandubii
,
and
ordered
the
baggage
to
be
speedily
brought
forth
from
the
camp
,
and
follow
him
closely
.
Caesar
,
having
conveyed
his
baggage
to
the
nearest
hill
,
and
having
left
two
legions
to
guard
it
,
pursued
as
far
as
the
time
of
day
would
permit
,
and
after
slaying
about
three
thousand
of
the
rear
of
the
enemy
,
encamped
at
Alesia
on
the
next
day
.
On
reconnoitering
the
situation
of
the
city
,
finding
that
the
enemy
were
panic-stricken
,
because
the
cavalry
in
which
they
placed
their
chief
reliance
,
were
beaten
,
he
encouraged
his
men
to
endure
the
toil
,
and
began
to
draw
a
line
of
circumvallation
round
Alesia
.
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
Tacitus Annals - 1.1
/
Latin
English
English
Vrbem Romam a principio reges habuere ; libertatem et consulatum L . Brutus instituit . dictaturae ad tempus sumebantur ; neque decemviralis potestas ultra biennium , neque tribunorum militum consulare ius diu valuit . non Cinnae , non Sullae longa dominatio ; et Pompei Crassique potentia cito in Caesarem , Lepidi atque Antonii arma in Augustum cessere , qui cuncta discordiis civilibus fessa nomine principis sub imperium accepit . sed veteris populi Romani prospera vel adversa claris scriptoribus memorata sunt ; temporibusque Augusti dicendis non defuere decora ingenia , donec gliscente adulatione deterrerentur . Tiberii Gaique et Claudii ac Neronis res florentibus ipsis ob metum falsae , postquam occiderant recentibus odiis compositae sunt . inde consilium mihi pauca de Augusto et extrema tradere , mox Tiberii principatum et cetera , sine ira et studio , quorum causas procul habeo .
Kings first governed the city of Rome ; liberty and the consulship were established by Lucius Brutus . Dictatorships were employed to meet crises . The rule of the decemvirs lasted no more than two years , and the consular authority of the military tribunes was also short-lived . The ascendancy of Cinna was not of long duration , nor that of Sulla ; and the dominance of Pompey and Crassus swiftly passed to Caesar , the armed might of Lepidus and Antonius to Augustus . Augustus then brought a world exhausted from civil dissension under his authority , with the title of ' First Citizen ' .
The Roman people of old had their successes and their failures related by famous authors ; and there was no shortage of fine minds for recording the Augustan period , until the groundswell of obsequiousness frightened them off . The histories of Tiberius , Gaius , Claudius , and Nero were distorted because of fear while they reigned , and , when they were gone , were composed with animosities still fresh . Hence my decision to deal only briefly with Augustus—and specifically with the final days—and then to move on to the principate of Tiberius and its aftermath , without rancour or bias , far removed as I am from motives for these .
The Roman people of old had their successes and their failures related by famous authors ; and there was no shortage of fine minds for recording the Augustan period , until the groundswell of obsequiousness frightened them off . The histories of Tiberius , Gaius , Claudius , and Nero were distorted because of fear while they reigned , and , when they were gone , were composed with animosities still fresh . Hence my decision to deal only briefly with Augustus—and specifically with the final days—and then to move on to the principate of Tiberius and its aftermath , without rancour or bias , far removed as I am from motives for these .
When Rome was first a city , its rulers were kings . Then Lucius Junius Brutus created the consulate and free Republican institutions in general . Dictatorships were assumed in emergencies . A Council of Ten did not last more than two years ; and then there was a short-lived arrangement by which senior army officers - the commanders of contingents provided by the tribes - possessed consular authority . Subsequently Cinna and Sulla set up autocracies , but they too were brief . Soon Pompey and Crassus acquired predominant positions , but rapidly lost them to Caesar . Next , the military strength which Lepidus and Antony had built up was absorbed by Augustus . He found the whole state exhausted by internal dissensions , and established over it a personal regime known as the Principate .
Famous writers have recorded Rome ' s early glories and disasters . The Augustan Age , too , had its distinguished historians . But then the rising tide of flattery exercised a deterrent effect . The reigns of Tiberius , Gaius , Claudius , and Nero were described during their lifetimes in fictitious terms , for fear of the consequence ; whereas the accounts written after their deaths were influenced by still raging animosities .
Famous writers have recorded Rome ' s early glories and disasters . The Augustan Age , too , had its distinguished historians . But then the rising tide of flattery exercised a deterrent effect . The reigns of Tiberius , Gaius , Claudius , and Nero were described during their lifetimes in fictitious terms , for fear of the consequence ; whereas the accounts written after their deaths were influenced by still raging animosities .
7.68-7.69 O'Donovan
/
Latin
English
Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias , ut pro castris collocaverat , reduxit protinusque Alesiam , quod est oppidum Mandubiorum , iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit . Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis , duabus legionibus praesidio relictis , secutus quantum diei tempus est passum , circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit . Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus , quod equitatu , qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant , erant pulsi , adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
All
his
cavalry
being
routed
,
Vercingetorix
led
back
his
troops
in
the
same
order
as
he
had
arranged
them
before
the
camp
,
and
immediately
began
to
march
to
Alesia
,
which
is
a
town
of
the
Mandubii
,
and
ordered
the
baggage
to
be
speedily
brought
forth
from
the
camp
,
and
follow
him
closely
.
Caesar
,
having
conveyed
his
baggage
to
the
nearest
hill
,
and
having
left
two
legions
to
guard
it
,
pursued
as
far
as
the
time
of
day
would
permit
,
and
after
slaying
about
three
thousand
of
the
rear
of
the
enemy
,
encamped
at
Alesia
on
the
next
day
.
On
reconnoitering
the
situation
of
the
city
,
finding
that
the
enemy
were
panic-stricken
,
because
the
cavalry
in
which
they
placed
their
chief
reliance
,
were
beaten
,
he
encouraged
his
men
to
endure
the
toil
,
and
began
to
draw
a
line
of
circumvallation
round
Alesia
.
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .