Alignment of Plato, cicero, and Latin

Ashley Joseph /
  • Created on 2021-03-16 16:33:56
  • Modified on 2021-03-23 05:28:01
  • Aligned by Ashley Joseph
English
Ἑλληνική
Latin
[ 32a ] is such that as the first term is to it , so is it to the last term , and again , conversely , as the last term is to the middle , so is the middle to the first , —then the middle term becomes in turn the first and the last , while the first and last become in turn middle terms , and the necessary consequence will be that all the terms are interchangeable , and being interchangeable they all form a unity . Now if the body of the All [ 32b ] had had to come into existence as a plane surface , having no depth , one middle term would have sufficed to bind together both itself and its fellow-terms ; but now it is otherwise : for it behoved it to be solid of shape , and what brings solids into unison is never one middle term alone but always two . 1 Thus it was that in the midst between fire and earth God set water and air , and having bestowed upon them so far as possible a like ratio one towards another—air being to water as fire to air , and water being to earth as air to water , —he joined together and constructed a Heaven visible and tangible . For these reasons [ 32c ] and out of these materials , such in kind and four in number , the body of the Cosmos was harmonized by proportion and brought into existence . These conditions secured for it Amity , so that being united in identity with itself it became indissoluble by any agent other than Him who had bound it together .
Now of the four elements the construction of the Cosmos had taken up the whole of every one . For its Constructor had constructed it of all the fire and water and air and earth that existed , leaving over , outside it , no single particle or potency of any one of these elements . And these were his intentions : [ 32d ] first , that it might be , so far as possible , a Living Creature , perfect and whole , with all its parts perfect ; and next , that it might be One , [ 33a ] inasmuch as there was nothing left over out of which another like Creature might come into existence ; and further , that it might be secure from age and ailment , since He perceived that when heat and cold , and all things which have violent potencies , surround a composite body from without and collide with it they dissolve it unduly and make it to waste away by bringing upon it ailments and age . Wherefore , because of this reasoning , He fashioned it to be One single Whole , compounded of all wholes , perfect and ageless and unailing . [ 33b ] And he bestowed on it the shape which was befitting and akin . Now for that Living Creature which is designed to embrace within itself all living creatures the fitting shape will be that which comprises within itself all the shapes there are ; wherefore He wrought it into a round , in the shape of a sphere , equidistant in all directions from the center to the extremities , which of all shapes is the most perfect and the most self-similar , since He deemed that the similar is infinitely fairer than the dissimilar . And on the outside round about , it was all made smooth with great exactness , and that for many reasons . [ 33c ] For of eyes it had no need , since outside of it there was nothing visible left over ; nor yet of hearing , since neither was there anything audible ; nor was there any air surrounding it which called for respiration ; nor , again , did it need any organ whereby it might receive the food that entered and evacuate what remained undigested . For nothing went out from it or came into it from any side , since nothing existed ; for it was so designed as to supply its own wastage as food for itself , [ 33d ] and to experience by its own agency and within itself all actions and passions , since He that had constructed it deemed that it would be better if it were self-sufficing rather than in need of other things . Hands , too , He thought He ought not to attach unto it uselessly , seeing they were not required either for grasping or for repelling anyone ; nor yet feet , nor any instruments of locomotion whatsoever .
[ 32α ] εἴτε δυνάμεων ὡντινωνοῦν τὸ μέσον , ὅτιπερ τὸ πρῶτον πρὸς αὐτό , τοῦτο αὐτὸ πρὸς τὸ ἔσχατον , καὶ πάλιν αὖθις , ὅτι τὸ ἔσχατον πρὸς τὸ μέσον , τὸ μέσον πρὸς τὸ πρῶτον , τότε τὸ μέσον μὲν πρῶτον καὶ ἔσχατον γιγνόμενον , τὸ δ᾽ ἔσχατον καὶ τὸ πρῶτον αὖ μέσα ἀμφότερα , πάνθ᾽ οὕτως ἐξ ἀνάγκης τὰ αὐτὰ εἶναι συμβήσεται , τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ γενόμενα ἀλλήλοις ἓν πάντα ἔσται . εἰ μὲν οὖν ἐπίπεδον μέν , βάθος δὲ μηδὲν ἔχον ἔδει γίγνεσθαι τὸ τοῦ παντὸς σῶμα , μία μεσότης ἂν ἐξήρκει [ 32β ] τά τε μεθ᾽ αὑτῆς συνδεῖν καὶ ἑαυτήν , νῦν δὲ στερεοειδῆ γὰρ αὐτὸν προσῆκεν εἶναι , τὰ δὲ στερεὰ μία μὲν οὐδέποτε , δύο δὲ ἀεὶ μεσότητες συναρμόττουσιν : οὕτω δὴ πυρός τε καὶ γῆς ὕδωρ ἀέρα τε θεὸς ἐν μέσῳ θείς , καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα καθ᾽ ὅσον ἦν δυνατὸν ἀνὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἀπεργασάμενος , ὅτιπερ πῦρ πρὸς ἀέρα , τοῦτο ἀέρα πρὸς ὕδωρ , καὶ ὅτι ἀὴρ πρὸς ὕδωρ , ὕδωρ πρὸς γῆν , συνέδησεν καὶ συνεστήσατο οὐρανὸν ὁρατὸν καὶ ἁπτόν . καὶ διὰ ταῦτα ἔκ τε δὴ τούτων τοιούτων [ 32ξ ] καὶ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τεττάρων τὸ τοῦ κόσμου σῶμα ἐγεννήθη δι᾽ ἀναλογίας ὁμολογῆσαν , φιλίαν τε ἔσχεν ἐκ τούτων , ὥστε εἰς ταὐτὸν αὑτῷ συνελθὸν ἄλυτον ὑπό του ἄλλου πλὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ συνδήσαντος γενέσθαι .
τῶν δὲ δὴ τεττάρων ἓν ὅλον ἕκαστον εἴληφεν τοῦ κόσμου σύστασις . ἐκ γὰρ πυρὸς παντὸς ὕδατός τε καὶ ἀέρος καὶ γῆς συνέστησεν αὐτὸν συνιστάς , μέρος οὐδὲν οὐδενὸς οὐδὲ δύναμιν ἔξωθεν ὑπολιπών , τάδε διανοηθείς , [ 32δ ] πρῶτον μὲν ἵνα ὅλον ὅτι μάλιστα ζῷον τέλεον ἐκ τελέων [ 33α ] τῶν μερῶν εἴη , πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἕν , ἅτε οὐχ ὑπολελειμμένων ἐξ ὧν ἄλλο τοιοῦτον γένοιτ᾽ ἄν , ἔτι δὲ ἵν᾽ ἀγήρων καὶ ἄνοσον , κατανοῶν ὡς συστάτῳ σώματι θερμὰ καὶ ψυχρὰ καὶ πάνθ᾽ ὅσα δυνάμεις ἰσχυρὰς ἔχει περιιστάμενα ἔξωθεν καὶ προσπίπτοντα ἀκαίρως λύει καὶ νόσους γῆράς τε ἐπάγοντα φθίνειν ποιεῖ . διὰ δὴ τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὸν λογισμὸν τόνδε ἕνα ὅλον ὅλων ἐξ ἁπάντων τέλεον καὶ ἀγήρων καὶ ἄνοσον [ 33β ] αὐτὸν ἐτεκτήνατο . σχῆμα δὲ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ τὸ πρέπον καὶ τὸ συγγενές . τῷ δὲ τὰ πάντα ἐν αὑτῷ ζῷα περιέχειν μέλλοντι ζῴῳ πρέπον ἂν εἴη σχῆμα τὸ περιειληφὸς ἐν αὑτῷ πάντα ὁπόσα σχήματα : διὸ καὶ σφαιροειδές , ἐκ μέσου πάντῃ πρὸς τὰς τελευτὰς ἴσον ἀπέχον , κυκλοτερὲς αὐτὸ ἐτορνεύσατο , πάντων τελεώτατον ὁμοιότατόν τε αὐτὸ ἑαυτῷ σχημάτων , νομίσας μυρίῳ κάλλιον ὅμοιον ἀνομοίου . λεῖον δὲ δὴ κύκλῳ [ 33ξ ] πᾶν ἔξωθεν αὐτὸ ἀπηκριβοῦτο πολλῶν χάριν . ὀμμάτων τε γὰρ ἐπεδεῖτο οὐδέν , ὁρατὸν γὰρ οὐδὲν ὑπελείπετο ἔξωθεν , οὐδ᾽ ἀκοῆς , οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀκουστόν : πνεῦμά τε οὐκ ἦν περιεστὸς δεόμενον ἀναπνοῆς , οὐδ᾽ αὖ τινος ἐπιδεὲς ἦν ὀργάνου σχεῖν τὴν μὲν εἰς ἑαυτὸ τροφὴν δέξοιτο , τὴν δὲ πρότερον ἐξικμασμένην ἀποπέμψοι πάλιν . ἀπῄει τε γὰρ οὐδὲν οὐδὲ προσῄειν αὐτῷ ποθεν—οὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν—αὐτὸ γὰρ ἑαυτῷ τροφὴν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φθίσιν παρέχον καὶ πάντα ἐν ἑαυτῷ καὶ ὑφ᾽ [ 33δ ] ἑαυτοῦ πάσχον καὶ δρῶν ἐκ τέχνης γέγονεν : ἡγήσατο γὰρ αὐτὸ συνθεὶς αὔταρκες ὂν ἄμεινον ἔσεσθαι μᾶλλον προσδεὲς ἄλλων . χειρῶν δέ , αἷς οὔτε λαβεῖν οὔτε αὖ τινα ἀμύνασθαι χρεία τις ἦν , μάτην οὐκ ᾤετο δεῖν αὐτῷ προσάπτειν , οὐδὲ ποδῶν οὐδὲ ὅλως τῆς περὶ τὴν βάσιν
Quando enim trium vel numerorum vel figurarum vel quorum- cumque generum contingit ut , quod medium sit , ut ei primum proportione , ita id postremo comparetur , vicissimque , ut extremum cum medio , sic medium cum primo conferatur , id , quod medium est , tum primum fit , tum postremum , postrema autem et prima media fiunt ; ita necessitas cogit , ut eadem sint ea , quae diiuncta fuerant ; eadem autem cum facta sint , effici- tur , ut omnia sint unum . Quodsi universi corpus planum et aequabile explicaretur neque in eo quic- quam esset requisitum , unum interiectum medium et se ipsum et ea , quibus esset interpositum , conligaret .
Sed cum soliditas mundo quaereretur , solida autem omnia uno medio numquam , duobus semper copulen- tur , ita contigit , ut inter ignem atque terram aquam deus animamque poneret eaque inter se conpararet et proportione coniungeret , ut , quem ad modum ignis animae , sic anima aquae , quodque anima aquae , id aqua terrae proportione redderet . Qua ex coniunctione caelum ita aptum est , ut sub aspectum et tactum cadat . Itaque et ob eam causam et ex iis rebus nu- mero quattuor mundi est corpus effectum ea con- strictum conparatione , qua dixi ; ex quo ipse se con- cordi quadam amicitia et caritate conplectitur atque ita apte cohaeret , ut dissolvi nullo modo queat nisi ab eodem , a quo est conligatus . Earum autem quat- tuor rerum , quas supra dixi , sic in omni mundo par- tes omnes conlocatae sunt , ut nulla pars huiusce ge- neris excederet extra , atque ut in hoc universo ines- sent genera illa universa , id ob eas causas , primum ut mundus animans posset ex perfectis partibus esse perfectus , deinde ut unus esset nulla parte , unde alter gigneretur , relicta , postremo ne qui morbus eum pos- set aut senectus attingere . Omnis enim coagmentatio corporis vel caloris vel frigoris vi vel aliqua inpul- sione vehementi labefactatur et frangitur et ad morbos senectutemque conpellitur . Hanc igitur habuit ratio- nem effector mundi et molitor deus , ut unum opus totum atque perfectum ex omnibus et totis atque per- fectis absolveret , quod omni morbo et senio vacaret . Formam autem et maxime cognatam et decoram dedit . A quo enim animanti omnis reliquos contineri vellet animantes , hunc ea forma figuravit , qua una omnes formae reliquae concluduntur , et globosum est fabri- catus , quod σφαιροειδές Graeci vocant , cuius omnis extremitas paribus a medio radiis attingitur , idque ita tornavit , ut nihil efficere posset rotundius , nihil aspe- ritatis ut haberet , nihil offensionis , nihil incisum an- gulis , nihil anfractibus , nihil eminens , nihil lacunosum , omnesque partes simillimas omnium , quod eius iudicio
praestabat dissimilitudini similitudo . Omni autem to- tam figuram mundi levitate circumdedit . Nec enim oculis egebat , quia nihil extra , quod cerni posset , re- lictum erat , nec auribus , quia ne quod audiretur qui- dem , neque erant anima circumfusa extrema mundi , ut respirationem requireret , nec vero desiderabat aut alimenta corporis aut detractionem confecti et con- sumpti cibi ; neque enim ulla decessio fieri poterat neque accessio , nec vero erat unde . Itaque se ipse consumptione et senio alebat sui , cum ipse per se et a se et pateretur et faceret omnia . Sic enim ratus est ille , qui ista iunxit et condidit , ipsum se contentum esse
mundum neque egere altero . Itaque ei nec manus adfixit , quoniam nec capiendum quicquam erat nec repellendum , nec pedes aut alia membra , quibus in- gressum corporis sustineret .

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