Glenn Maur

Tufts University

Loqman Fable 1

Glenn Maur /
  • Created on 2017-09-30 06:21:11
  • Modified on 2017-10-13 03:32:10
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العربية
français
Ἑλληνική
أَسَدٌ وَثَوْرَانِ

أَسَدٌ مَرَّةً خَرَجَ عَلَى ثَوْرَيْنِ فَٱجْتَمَعَا جَمِيعًا وَكَانَا يَنْطَحَانِهِ بِقُرُونِهِمَا وَلَا يُمَكِّنَاهُ مِنَ الدُّخُولِ بَيْنَهُمَا فَٱنْفَرَدَ بِأَحَدِهِمَا وَخَدَعَهُ وَوَعَدَهُ بِأَنْ لَا يُعَارِضَهُمَا إِنْ تَخَلَّى عَنْ صَاحِبِهِ فَلَمَّا ٱفْتَرَقَا ٱفْتَرَسَهُمَا جَمِيعًا

هَذَا مَعْنَاهُ أَنَّ مَدِينَتَيْنِ إِذَا ٱتَّفَقَ رَأْىُ أَهْلِهَمَا فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُمْكَنُ مِنْهُمَا عَدُوٌّ فَإِذَا ٱفْتَرَقَا هَلِكَا جَمِيعًا
Un lion et deux taureaux .

Un lion attaqua un jour deux taureaux . Ceux-ci s ' unirent ensemble , et , le visant de leurs cornes , le mirent hors d ' état de pénétrer au milieu d ' eux . Alors le lion , s ' adressant à un des taureaux à part , le trompa par la promesse qu ' il ne lui ferait rien , si celui-ci se séparait de son compagnon . Mais dès qu ' ils furent séparés le lion les déchira tous deux .

Cela signifie qu ' aucun ennemi ne peut se rendre maître de deux villes tant que l ' avis de leurs habitants est le même ; mais dès qu ' elles sont séparées , elles périssent ensemble .
Λέων καὶ δύο ταῦροι .

Λέων προσβαλὼν ταύροις δυσὶν , ἐπειρᾶτο τούτους καταθoινήσαθαι . οἱ δὲ τὰ ἑαυτῶν κέρατα ἐπίσης αὐτῷ ἀντιπαρατάξαντες οὐκ εἴων τὸν λέοντα μέσον αὐτῶν παρελθεῖν . Ὁρῶν τοίνυν ἐκεῖνος , ὡς ἀδυνάτως ἔχει πρὸς αὐτοὺς , κατεσοφίσατο τοῦ ἑνὸς , καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔφησεν , ὡς εἴγε τὸν σὸν ἑταῖρον προδώσεις μοι , ἀβλαβῆ σε διατηρήσω . καὶ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς ταύρους ἀνῄρηκεν .

μῦθος δηλοῖ , ὡς ὅτι καὶ πόλεις καὶ ἄνθρωποι ἀλλήλοις ὁμονοοῦντες , οὐ συγχωροῦσιν αὐτῶν τοὺς ἐχθροὺς περιγίνεσθαι . τῆς δ ' ὁμονοίας περιφρονοῦντες , εὐχερῶς ἄρδην τοῖς ἐναντίοις ἁλίσκονται .

( 0 ) 0% ARA
( 49 ) 100% ARA - FRA

( 115 ) 89% ARA - FRA
( 14 ) 11% FRA

( 115 ) 89% ARA - FRA
( 14 ) 11% FRA

Loqman Fable 2

Glenn Maur /
  • Created on 2017-10-02 22:10:16
  • Modified on 2017-10-13 03:32:24
  • Aligned by Glenn Maur
العربية
français
Ἑλληνική
غَزَالٌ

إِيَّلٌ يَعْنِى غَزَالٌ مَرَةً عَطِشَ فَأَتَى إِلَى عَيْنِ مَآءٍ لِبَشْرَبَ فَنَظَرَ خَيَالَهُ فِى المَاءِ فَحَزِنَ لِدِقَّةِ قَوَائِمِهِ وَسُرَّ وَٱبْتَهَجَ لِعِظَمِ قُرُونِهِ وَكِبَرِهَا وَفِى الْحَالِ خَرَجَ عَلَيْهِ الصَّيَّادُونَ فَٱنْهَزَمَ مِنْهُمْ فَأَمَّا وَهُوَ فِى السَّهْلِ فَلَمْ يُدْرِكُوهُ فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ فِى الجَبَلِ وَعَبَرَ بَيْنَ الشَّجَرِ فَلَحَقَهُ الصَّيَّادُونَ وَقَتَلُوهُ فَقَالَ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ الْوَيْلُ لِى أَنَا الْمَسْكِينُ الَّذِى ٱزْدَرَيْتُ بِهِ هُوَ خَلَّصَنِى والَّذِى رَجَوْتُهُ أَهْلَكَنِى
Une gazelle

Un cerf , ou plutôt une gazelle , eut un jour soif ; elle vint près d ' une source pour boire . En voyant son image dans l ' eau , elle fut attristée par la forme frêle de ses jambes , mais transportée de joie par la grandeur et la magnificence de son bois . À l ' instant même les chasseurs l ' attaquèrent , et elle prit la fuite devant eux . Tant qu ' elle fut dans la plaine , les chasseurs ne l ' atteignirent point ; mais aussitôt qu ' elle fut entrée dans les montagnes et eut à passer entre les arbres , les chasseurs l ' attrapèrent et la tuèrent . En mourant elle dit : hêlas ! que je suis malheureuse , ce que j ' ai méprisé m ' a sauvée , et ce qui m ' a donné de l ' espérance m ' a perdue .
Ἔλαφος καὶ θηρευταί

Ἔλαφός τις διψῶσα κατῆλθεν ἐπί τινα πηγὴν τοῦ πιεῖν . Ἰδοῦσα δὲ ἐν τῷ ὕδατι τὸ τοῦ ἰδίου σώματος ὁμοίωμα , τῇ μὲν τῶν ποδῶν λεπτότητι ἀπηρέσκετο , τῇ δὲ τῶν κεράτων μορφῇ ἐπετέρπετο , ἄφνω δέ τινες ἐφίσανται θηρευταὶ , καὶ ταύτην ἐδίωκον . καὶ καθόσον μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς πεδιάδος ἔτρεχε , τῶν διωκόντων ὑπερεγίνετο , φθάσασα δὲ εἰς ἕλος ἀπροσδοκήτως εἰσελθεῖν , τῶν αὐτῆς κεράτων τοῖς κλάδοις συμπλακέντων ὑπὸ τῶν διωκόντων καταλαμβάνεται καὶ στενάξας ἔφη · οἴμοι τῇ ταλαιπώρῳ , ὅτι ἐφ ' οἷς ἀπηρεσκόμην , ὑπ ' αὐτῶν μᾶλλον διεσωζόμην οἷς δὲ ἐκαυχώμην , ὑπ ' αὐτῶν δὴ καὶ ἀπόλλυμαι .

μῦθος οὗτος δηλοῖ , ὧς οὐ χρή τινα τῶν ἐν ἑαυτῷ τι ἐπαινεῖν , εἰ μὴ τὰ εὔχρηστα καὶ ἐπωφελῆ .

( 0 ) 0% ARA
( 61 ) 100% ARA - FRA

( 143 ) 89% ARA - FRA
( 18 ) 11% FRA

( 143 ) 89% ARA - FRA
( 18 ) 11% FRA

Loqman Fable 3

Glenn Maur /
  • Created on 2017-10-04 21:56:52
  • Modified on 2017-10-13 03:32:37
  • Aligned by Glenn Maur
العربية
français
Ἑλληνική
غَزَالٌ

غَزَالٌ مَرَّةً مَرِضَ فَكَانَ أَصْحَابُهُ مِنَ الْوُحُوشِ يَأْتُونَ إِلَيْهِ وَيَعُودُونَهُ وَيَرْعَوْنَ مَا حَوْلَهُ مِنَ الْحَشِيشِ وَٱلْعُشْبِ فَلَمَّا فَاقَ مِنْ مَرَضِهِ ٱلتَمَسَ شَيْئً لِيَأْكُلَهُ فَلَمْ يَجِدْ فَهلَكَ جَوْعاً

هَذَا مَعْنَاهُ مَنْ كَثُرَ أَهْلُهُ وَإِخْوَانُهُ كَثُرَتْ أَحْزَانُهُ
La gazelle .

Une gazelle tomba malade . Ses amis parmi les animaux vinrent lui rendre visite , et mangèrent le foin et les herbes qui se trouvaient autour de la gazelle . Lorsqu ' elle fut rétablie de sa maladie , elle chercha quelque chose à manger , et ne trouva rien . Elle périt de faim .

Cela signifie que celui qui a beaucoup d ' amis et beaucoup de famille , a aussi beaucoup de chagrins .
Ἔλαφος νοσοῦσα .

Ἔλαφος νόσῳ περιπεσοῦσα ἐπί τινος τόπου πεδινοῦ κατακέκλιτο . τινὰ δὲ τῶν θηρίων εἰς θέαν αὐτῆς ἐλθόντα , τὴν παρακειμένην τῇ ἐλάφῳ νομὴν κατεβοσκήθησαν . εἶτα ἐκείνη τῆς νόσου ἀπαλλαγεῖσα τῇ εἰδείᾳ δεινῶς κατετρύχετο καὶ τῇ νομῇ τὸ φῇν προσαπώλεσεν .

μῦθος δηλοῖ , ὡς οἱ περιττοὺς καὶ ἀνοήτους κτώμενοι φίλους , ἀντὶ κέρδους ὑπ ' αὐτῶν ζημίαν μᾶλλον ὑφίστανται .

( 1 ) 3% ARA
( 35 ) 97% ARA - FRA

( 70 ) 87% ARA - FRA
( 10 ) 13% FRA

( 70 ) 87% ARA - FRA
( 10 ) 13% FRA

Suleyman al-Boustani's 1904 translation of Iliad 1.1-7

Glenn Maur /
  • Created on 2017-10-05 01:50:06
  • Modified on 2017-10-07 06:55:42
  • Aligned by Glenn Maur

Loqman Fable 4 (Perry, ed.)

Glenn Maur /
  • Created on 2017-10-07 04:47:05
  • Modified on 2017-10-13 05:01:17
  • Aligned by Glenn Maur
العربية
français
Ἑλληνική
أَسَدٌ وَثَعْلَبٌ

أَسَدٌ مَرَّةً ٱشْتَدَّ عَلَيْهٍ حَرُّ الشَّمْسِ فَدَخَلَ إِلىَ بَعْضِ الْمَغَائِرِ يَتَظَلَّلُ فِيهَا فَلَمَّا رَبَضَ أَتَى إِلَيْهِ جُرَذٌ يَمْشِى فَوْقَ ظَهْرِهِ فَوَثَبَ قَائِماً فَنَظَرَ يَمِيناً وَيَسَاراً وَهُوَ خَائِفٌ مَرْعُوبٌ فَنَظَرَهُ الثَّعْلَبُ فَتَضَحَّكَ عَلَيْهِ فَقَالَ لَهُ الأَسَدُ لَيْسَ مِنَ الْجُرَذِ خَوْفِى وَإِنَّمَا كَبُرَ عَلَىَّ ٱحْتِقَارُهُ لِى

هَذَا مَعْنَاهُ أَنَّ الْهَوَانَ عَلَى الْعَاقِلِ أَشَدُّ مِنَ الْمَوْتِ
Un lion et un renard .

Accablé par la chaleur du soleil , un lion entra un jour dans une caverne pour s ' y mettre à l ' ombre . Dès qu ' il s ' y fut étendu , un mulot vint tout auprès se promener sur son dos . Le lion se dressa sur ses pattes et jeta un regard effrayé et épouvanté à droite et à gauche . Un renard le vit et se rit de lui . Alors le lion lui dit : je n ' étais pas effrayé de ce mulot , mais il m ' était pénible qu ' il me montrât du dédain .

Cela signifie que le mépris est pour le sage plus cruel que la mort .
Λέων μῦν φοβηθείς .

Λέοντος κοιμωμένου μῦς τὸ σῶμα διέδραμεν . δὲ ἐξαναστὰς πανταχοῦ περιειλίττετο ζητῶν τὸν προσεληλυθότα . ἀλώπηξ δὲ αὐτὸν θεασαμένη ὠνείδιζεν , εἰ λέων ὤν μῦν ἐφοβήθη . καὶ ὅς ἀπεκρίνατο " οὐ τὸν μῦν ηὐλαβήθην , ἐθαύμασα δὲ εἴ τις λέοντος κοιμωμένου τὸ σῶμα ἐπιδραμεῖν ἐτόλμησεν . "

λόγος διδάσκει δεῖν τοὺς φρονίμους τῶν ἀνθρώπων μηδὲ τῶν μετρίων πραγμάτων καταφρονεῖν .

( 0 ) 0% ARA
( 55 ) 100% ARA - FRA

( 115 ) 91% ARA - FRA
( 12 ) 9% FRA

( 115 ) 91% ARA - FRA
( 12 ) 9% FRA

Loqman Fable 4 (Coray, ed.)

Glenn Maur /
  • Created on 2017-10-13 04:01:10
  • Modified on 2017-10-13 06:38:36
  • Aligned by Glenn Maur
العربية
français
Ἑλληνική
أَسَدٌ وَثَعْلَبٌ

أَسَدٌ مَرَّةً ٱشْتَدَّ عَلَيْهٍ حَرُّ الشَّمْسِ فَدَخَلَ إِلىَ بَعْضِ الْمَغَائِرِ يَتَظَلَّلُ فِيهَا فَلَمَّا رَبَضَ أَتَى إِلَيْهِ جُرَذٌ يَمْشِى فَوْقَ ظَهْرِهِ فَوَثَبَ قَائِماً فَنَظَرَ يَمِيناً وَيَسَاراً وَهُوَ خَائِفٌ مَرْعُوبٌ فَنَظَرَهُ الثَّعْلَبُ فَتَضَحَّكَ عَلَيْهِ فَقَالَ لَهُ الأَسَدُ لَيْسَ مِنَ الْجُرَذِ خَوْفِى وَإِنَّمَا كَبُرَ عَلَىَّ ٱحْتِقَارُهُ لِى

هَذَا مَعْنَاهُ أَنَّ الْهَوَانَ عَلَى الْعَاقِلِ أَشَدُّ مِنَ الْمَوْتِ
Un lion et un renard .

Accablé par la chaleur du soleil , un lion entra un jour dans une caverne pour s ' y mettre à l ' ombre . Dès qu ' il s ' y fut étendu , un mulot vint tout auprès se promener sur son dos . Le lion se dressa sur ses pattes et jeta un regard effrayé et épouvanté à droite et à gauche . Un renard le vit et se rit de lui . Alors le lion lui dit : je n ' étais pas effrayé de ce mulot , mais il m ' était pénible qu ' il me montrât du dédain .

Cela signifie que le mépris est pour le sage plus cruel que la mort .
Λέων καὶ ἀλώπηξ .

Λέων ποτὲ , καύματος ὥρᾳ , ἔν τινι σπηλαίῳ ἀνεπαύετο . Μυὸς δὲ διὰ τῆς χαίτης αὐτοῦ διαδραμόντος , ταραχθεὶς καὶ ἐξαναστὰς , φοβερὸν ἀπεβλεπε . Ἀλώπεκος δὲ καταγελώσης , εἶπεν , οὐ τὸν μῦν ἐφοβήθην , ἀλλὰ τὴν κακὴν ὁδὸν καὶ συνήθειαν ἀνατρέπω .

ὅτι τῇ κακῇ συνηθείᾳ οὐ δεῖ παρέχειν ἄδειαν · νομὴν γὰρ λαβοῦσα λύπην ἐσχάτην ποιεῖ .

( 0 ) 0% ARA
( 55 ) 100% ARA - FRA

( 111 ) 87% ARA - FRA
( 16 ) 13% FRA

( 111 ) 87% ARA - FRA
( 16 ) 13% FRA

Loqman Fable 1 (Derenbourg)

Glenn Maur /
  • Created on 2017-10-21 22:41:12
  • Modified on 2017-10-27 07:01:46
  • Aligned by Glenn Maur
العربية Transliterate
français

( 1 ) 2% ARA
( 48 ) 98% ARA - FRA

( 106 ) 82% ARA - FRA
( 23 ) 18% FRA

Loqman Fable 1 (Syntipas)

Glenn Maur /
  • Created on 2017-10-27 05:39:13
  • Modified on 2017-10-27 23:45:02
  • Aligned by Glenn Maur
العربية
Ἑλληνική
Latin
أَسَدٌ وَثَوْرَانِ

أَسَدٌ مَرَّةً خَرَجَ عَلَى ثَوْرَيْنِ فَٱجْتَمَعَا جَمِيعًا وَكَانَا يَنْطَحَانِهِ بِقُرُونِهِمَا وَلَا يُمَكِّنَاهُ مِنَ الدُّخُولِ بَيْنَهُمَا فَٱنْفَرَدَ بِأَحَدِهِمَا وَخَدَعَهُ وَوَعَدَهُ بِأَنْ لَا يُعَارِضَهُمَا إِنْ تَخَلَّى عَنْ صَاحِبِهِ فَلَمَّا ٱفْتَرَقَا ٱفْتَرَسَهُمَا جَمِيعًا

هَذَا مَعْنَاهُ أَنَّ مَدِينَتَيْنِ إِذَا ٱتَّفَقَ رَأْىُ أَهْلِهَمَا فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُمْكَنُ مِنْهُمَا عَدُوٌّ فَإِذَا ٱفْتَرَقَا هَلِكَا جَمِيعًا
Λέων καὶ δύο ταῦροι .

Λέων προσβαλὼν ταύροις δυσὶν , ἐπειρᾶτο τούτους καταθoινήσασθαι . οἱ δὲ τὰ ἑαυτῶν κέρατα ἐπίσης αὐτῷ ἀντιπαρατάξαντες οὐκ εἴων τὸν λέοντα μέσον αὐτῶν παρελθεῖν . Ὁρῶν τοίνυν ἐκεῖνος , ὡς ἀδυνάτως ἔχει πρὸς αὐτοὺς , κατεσοφίσατο τοῦ ἑνὸς , καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔφησεν , ὡς εἴγε τὸν σὸν ἑταῖρον προδώσεις μοι , ἀβλαβῆ σε διατηρήσω . καὶ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς ταύρους ἀνῄρηκεν .

μῦθος δηλοῖ , ὡς ὅτι καὶ πόλεις καὶ ἄνθρωποι ἀλλήλοις ὁμονοοῦντες , οὐ συγχωροῦσιν αὐτῶν τοὺς ἐχθροὺς περιγίνεσθαι . τῆς δ ' ὁμονοίας περιφρονοῦντες , εὐχερῶς ἄρδην τοῖς ἐναντίοις ἁλίσκονται .
Leo et tauri duo .

In duos tauros leo faciebat impetum , lautas sibi epulas quaerens . Illi coniunctis viribus opponunt cornua , medios ne irruere possit leo . Duobus ergo impar leo viribus , dolo agere coepit , sicque est allocutus alterum , Amicum tuum si prodideris mihi , incolumem hinc ego te dimittam . Qua usus fraude facili utrumque nacavit negotio .

Ita et civitates , et homines , quamdiu inter se concordiam colunt , facile hostes vincunt : ea autem soluta cladi repente fiunt obnoxii .

( 4 ) 8% ARA
( 45 ) 92% ARA - GRC

( 84 ) 82% ARA - GRC
( 18 ) 18% GRC

( 84 ) 82% ARA - GRC
( 18 ) 18% GRC

Vita Sophoclis

Glenn Maur /
  • Created on 2018-04-26 16:29:22
  • Modified on 2018-05-02 03:35:43
  • Translated by S. Burges Watson, Living Poets, (Durham, 2014)
  • Aligned by Glenn Maur
Ἑλληνική Transliterate
English
Σοφοκλῆς τὸ μὲν γένος ἦν Ἀθηναῖος , υἱὸς δέ Σοφίλλου , ὅς οὔτε , ὡς Ἀριστόξενός φησι , τέκτων χαλκεὺς ἦν , οὔτε , ὡς Ἴστρος , μαχαιροποιὸς τὴν ἐργασίαν , τυχὸν δʼ ἐκέκτητο δούλους χαλκέας τέκτονας · οὐ γὰρ εἰκὸς τὸν ἐκ τοῦ τοιούτου γενόμενον στρατηγίας ἀξιωθῆναι σὺν Περικλεῖ καὶ Θουκυδίδῃ , τοῖς πρώτοις τῆς πόλεως , ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἂν ὑπὸ τῶν κωμικῶν ἄδηκτος ἀφείθη τῶν οὐδὲ Θεμιστοκλέους ἀπεσχημένων . ἀπιστητέον δὲ καὶ τῷ Ἴστρῳ φάσκοντι αὐτὸν οὐκ Ἀθηναῖον , ἀλλὰ Φλιάσιον εἶναι · εἰ δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀνέκαθεν Φλιάσιος ἦν , ἀλλὰ πλὴν Ἴστρου παρʼ οὐδενὶ ἑτέρῳ τοῦτο ἔστιν εὑρεῖν . ἐγένετο οὖν Σοφοκλῆς τὸ γένος Ἀθηναῖος , δήμου Κολωνῆθεν , καὶ τῷ βίῳ καὶ τῇ ποιήσει περιφανής , καλῶς τʼ ἐπαιδεύθη καὶ ἐτράφη ἐν εὐπορίᾳ , καὶ ἐν πολιτείᾳ καὶ ἐν πρεσβείαις ἐξητάζετο . Γεννηθῆναι δʼ αὐτόν φασιν οα ' ὀλυμπιάδι κατὰ τὸ δεύτερον ἔτος ἐπὶ ἄρχοντος Ἀθήνησι Φιλίππου . ἦν δʼ Αἰσχύλου νεώτερος ἔτεσιν ζ ' , Eὐριπίδου δὲ παλαιότερος κδ ' . Διεπονήθη δʼ ἐν παισὶ καὶ περὶ παλαίστραν καὶ μουσικήν , ἐξ ὧν ἀμφοτέρων ἐστεφανώθη , ὥς φησιν Ἴστρος . ἐδιδάχθη δὲ τὴν μουσικὴν παρὰ Λάμπρῳ , καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχίαν Ἀθηναίων περὶ τρόπαιον ὄντων μετὰ λύρας γυμνὸς ἀληλιμμένος τοῖς παιανίζουσι τῶν ἐπινικίων ἐξῆρχεν . Παρʼ Αἰσχύλῳ δὲ τὴν τραγῳδίαν ἔμαθε . καὶ πολλὰ ἐκαινούργησεν ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσι , πρῶτον μὲν καταλύσας τὴν ὑπόκρισιν τοῦ ποιητοῦ διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν μικροφωνίαν · πάλαι γὰρ καὶ ποιητὴς ὑπεκρίνετο αὐτός · τοὺς δὲ χορευτὰς ποιήσας ἀντὶ ιβ ' ιε ' καὶ τὸν τρίτον ὑποκριτὴν ἐξεῦρεν . Φασὶ δὲ ὅτι καὶ κιθάραν ἀναλαβὼν ἐν μόνῳ τῷ Θαμύριδί ποτε ἐκιθάρισεν . ὅθεν καὶ ἐν τῇ ποικίλῃ στοᾷ μετὰ κιθάρας αὐτὸν γεγράφθαι . Σάτυρος δέ φησιν ὅτι καὶ τὴν καμπύλην βακτηρίαν αὐτὸς ἐπενόησεν . φησὶ δὲ καὶ Ἴστρος τὰς λευκὰς κρηπῖδας αὐτὸν ἐξευρηκέναι , ἃς ὑποδοῦνται οἵ τε ὑποκριταὶ καὶ οἱ χορευταί , καὶ πρὸς τὰς φύσεις αὐτῶν γράψαι τὰ δράματα , ταῖς δὲ Μοίσαις θίασον ἐκ τῶν πεπαιδευμένων συναγαγεῖν . Καὶ ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν τοῦ ἤθους τοσαύτη γέγονε χάρις ὥστε πάντη καὶ πρὸς ἁπάντων αὐτὸν στέργεσθαι . Νίκας δʼ ἔλαβεν κ ' , ὥς φησι Καρύστιος , πολλάκις δὲ καὶ δευτερεῖα ἔλαβε , τρίτα δʼ οὐδέποτε . Καὶ Ἀθηναῖοι δʼ αὐτὸν ξθʼ ἐτῶν ὄντα στρατηγὸν εἷλοντο πρὸ τῶν Πελοποννησιακῶν ἔτεσιν ζ ' ἐν τῷ πρὸς Ἀναίους πολέμῳ . Οὕτω δὲ φιλαθηναιότατος ἦν ὥστε πολλῶν βασιλέων μεταπεμπομένων αὐτὸν οὐκ ἠθέλησε τὴν πατρίδα καταλιπεῖν . Ἔσχε δὲ καὶ τὴν τοῦ Ἄλκωνος ἱερωσύνην , ὃς ἥρως μετὰ Ἁσκληπιοῦ παρὰ Χείρωνι . . . ἱδρυνθεὶς ὑπὸ Ἰοφῶντος τοῦ υἱοῦ μετὰ τὴν τελευτήν . Γέγονε δὲ καὶ θεοφιλὴς Σοφοκλῆς ὡς οὐκ ἄλλος , καθά φησιν Ἱερῶνυμος . . . περὶ τῆς χρυσῆς στεφάνης . ταύτης γὰρ ἐξ ἀκροπόλεως κλαπείσης κατʼ ὄναρ Ἡρακλῆς ἐδήλωσε Σοφοκλεῖ , λέγων τὴν μὴ οἰκοῦσαν οἰκίαν ἐν δεξιᾷ εἰσιόντι ἐρευνῆσαι , ἔνθα ἐκέκρυπτο . ἐμήνυσε δʼ αὐτὴν τῷ δήμῳ καὶ τάλαντον ἐδέξατο · τοῦτο γὰρ ἦν προκηρυχθέν . λαβὼν οὖν τὸ τάλαντον ἱερὸν ἱδρύσατο Mηνυτοῦ Ἡρακλέους . Φέρεται δὲ καὶ παρὰ πολλοῖς πρὸς τὸν υἱὸν Ἰοφῶντα γενομένη αὐτῷ δίκη ποτέ . ἔχων γὰρ ἐκ μὲν Nικοστράτης Ἰοφῶντα , ἐκ δὲ Θεωρίδος Σικυωνίας Ἀρίστωνα , τὸν ἐκ τούτου γενόμενον παῖδα Σοφοκλέα τοὔνομα πλέον ἔστεργεν . καί ποτε ἐν δράματι εἰσήγαγε τὸν Ἰοφῶντα αὐτῷ φθονοῦντα καὶ πρὸς τοὺς φράτορας ἐγκαλοῦντα τῷ πατρὶ ὡς ὑπὸ γήρως παραφρονοῦντι · οἵ δὲ τῷ Ἰοφῶντι ἐπετίμησαν . Σάτυρος δέ φησιν αὐτὸν εἰπεῖν " εἰ μέν εἰμι Σοφοκλῆς , οὐ παραφρονῶ , εἰ δὲ παραφρονῶ , οὐκ εἰμὶ Σοφοκλῆς " , καὶ τότε τὸν Οἰδίποδα παραναγνῶναι . Τελευτῆσιι δὲ αὐτὸν Ἴστρος καὶ Νεάνθης φασὶ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον · Καλλιππίδην ὑποκριτὴν ἀπʼ ἐργασίας ἐξ Ὀποῦντος ἥκοντα περὶ τοὺς Χόας πέμψαι αὐτῷ σταφυλήν , τὸν δὲ Σοφοκλέα λαβόντα εἰς τὸ στόμα ῥᾶγα ἔτι ὀμφακίζουσαν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἄγαν γήρως ἀποπνιγέντα τελευτῆσαι . Σάτυρος δέ φησι τὴν Ἀντιγόνην ἀναγιγνώσκοντα καὶ ἐμπεσόντα περὶ τὰ τέλη νοήματι μακρῷ καὶ μέσην ὑποστιγμὴν πρὸς ἀνάπαυσιν μὴ ἔχοντι , ἄγαν ἐπιτείναντα τὴν φωνὴν σὺν τῇ φωνῇ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἀφεῖναι . οἵ δʼ ὅτι μετὰ τὴν τοῦ δράματος ἀνάγνωσιν , ὅτε νικῶν ἐκηρύχθη , χαρᾷ νικηθεὶς ἐξέλιπεν . Καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν πατρῷον τάφον ἐτέθη τὸν παρὰ τὴν ἐπὶ Δεκέλειαν ὁδὸν κείμενον πρὸ τοῦ τείχους ια’ σταδίων . φασὶ δʼ ὅτι καὶ τῷ μνήματι αὐτοῦ σειρῆνα ἐπέστησταν , οἵ δὲ κηληδόνα χαλκῆν . καὶ τοῦτον τὸν τόπον ἐπιτετειχικότων Λακεδαιμονίων κατʼ Ἀθηναίων Διόνυσος κατʼ ὄναρ ἐπιστὰς Λυσάνδρῳ ἐκέλευσεν ἐπιτρέψαι τεθῆναι τὸν ἄνδρα εἰς τὸν τάφον · ὡς δʼ ὠλιγώρησεν Λύσανδρος , δεύτερον αὐτῷ ἐπέστη Διόνυσος τὸ αὐτὸ κελεύων . δὲ Λύσανδρος πυνθανόμενος παρὰ τῶν φυγάδων τίς εἴη τελευτήσας , καὶ μαθὼν ὅτι Σοφοκλῆς ὑπάρχει . κήρυκα πέμψας ἐδίδου θάπτειν τὸν ἄνδρα . Λόβων δέ φησιν ἐπιγεγράφθαι τῷ τάφῳ αὐτοῦ τάδε · κρύπτω τῷδε τάφῳ Σοφοκλῆ πρωτεῖα λαβόντα τῇ τραγικῇ τέχνῇ , σχῆμα τὸ σεμνότατον . Ἴστρος δέ φησιν Ἀθηναίους διὰ τὴν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ ψήφισμα πεποιηκέναι κατʼ ἔτος αὐτῷ θύειν . Ἔχει δὲ δράματα , ὥς φησιν Ἀριστοφάνης , ρλ ' , τούτων δὲ νενόθευται ιζ ' . Συνηγωνίσατο δὲ καὶ Aίσχύλῳ καὶ Eὐριπίδῃ καὶ Χοιρίλῳ καὶ Ἀριστίᾳ καὶ ἄλλοις πολλοῖς καὶ Ἰοφῶντι τῷ υἱῷ . Τὸ πᾶν μὲν οὖν Ὁμηρικῶς ὠνόμαζε · τούς τε γὰρ μύθους φέρει κατʼ ἴχνος τοῦ ποιητοῦ καὶ τὴν Ὀδύσσειαν δʼ ἐν πολλοῖς δράμασιν ἀπογράφεται . παρετυμολογεῖ δὲ καθʼ Ὁμηρον καὶ τοὔνομα τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως · ὀρθῶς δʼ Ὀδυσσεύς εἰμʼ ἐπώνυμος κακοῖς · πολλοὶ γὰρ ὠδύσαντο δυσσεβεῖς ἐμοί . ἠθοποιεῖ τε καὶ ποικίλλει καὶ τοῖς ἐπινοήμασι τεχνικῶς χρῆται , Ὁμηρικὴν ἐκματτόμενος χάριν . ὅθεν εἰπεῖν Ἰωνικόν τινα μόνον Σοφοκλέα τυγχάνειν Ὁμήρου μαθητήν · καὶ ἄλλοι μὲν πολλοὶ μεμίμηνταί τινα τῶν πρὸ αὑτῶν τῶν καθʼ αὑτούς , μόνος δὲ Σοφοκλῆς ἀφʼ ἑκάστου τὸ λαμπρὸν ἀπανθίζει · καθʼ καὶ μέλιττα ἐλέγετο . ἤνεγκε δὲ τὰ μικτά , εὐκαιρίαν , γλυκύτητα , τόλμαν , ποικιλίαν . Οἶδε δὲ καιρὸν συμμετρῆσαι καὶ πράγματα , ὥστʼ ἐκ μικροῦ ἡμιστιχίου λέξεως μιᾶς ὅλον ἠθοποιεῖν πρόσωπον . ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο μέγιστον ἐν τῇ ποιητικῇ , δηλοῦν ἦθος πάθος . Φησὶν οὖν Ἀριστοφάνης ὅτι " κηρὸς ἐπεκαθέζετο " , ἄλλῃ δέ " Σοφοκλέους τοῦ μέλιτι τὸ στόμα κεχρισμένου " , Φησὶ δὲ Ἀριστόξενος ὡς πρῶτος τῶν Ἀθήνηθεν ποιητῶν τὴν Φρυγίαν μελοποιίαν εἰς τὰ ἴδια ᾄσματα παρέλαβε καὶ τοῦ διθυραμβικοῦ τρόπου κατέμιξεν .
Sophocles was an Athenian by birth , the son of Sophillus , who was neither a carpenter nor a blacksmith by profession , as Aristoxenus says , nor , as Ister says , a maker of daggers , but happened to own slaves who were blacksmiths or carpenters . For it is not likely that someone who was descended from such a man would have been considered worthy of a generalship in company with Pericles and Thucydides , the leading men of the city . Nor , if it were true , would he have escaped unscathed from the comic poets , who did not even refrain from mocking men like Themistocles . Nor is Ister to be believed when he asserts that Sophocles was not an Athenian but that he came from Phlius . Even if his family originally came from Phlius , this information is found in no other author besides Ister . So Sophocles was born an Athenian , from the deme of Colonus , and was very renowned , both in his life and in his poetry . He received an excellent education and was brought up in prosperity , and he was involved both in government and in foreign embassies . They say that he was born in the second year of the seventy-first Olympiad , when Philip was archon in Athens . He was seven years younger than Aeschylus and twenty-four years older than Euripides . As a child , he worked hard in both wrestling and music , receiving crowns for both , so Ister says . He was taught music by Lamprus , and after the naval battle at Salamis , when the Athenians gathered around the victory monument , he led the chorus with his lyre in the victory songs , naked and anointed with oil . He learned the art of tragedy from Aeschylus . And he made many innovations in the contests , being the first to end the practice whereby the poet was also an actor , because his own voice was slight ( for formerly the poet himself had also acted ) . He also changed the number of chorus members from twelve to fifteen and introduced the third actor . They say that , taking up the lyre , he once played it in the Thamyris alone , and that , as a result of this , he was depicted with his lyre on the Painted Stoa . Satyrus says that he also invented the use of the curved staff as a prop . Ister says that he invented the white sandals which the actors and dancers wear , that he wrote his plays to suit their characters , and that he set up a thiasos of the educated in honour of the Muses . Simply put , such was the charm of his character , that he was loved everywhere by all . He won twenty victories , as Carystius says , and also often took the second prize , but never the third . The Athenians elected him as general when he was sixty-five years old , seven years before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War , in the war with the Anaioi . He loved Athens so passionately that , although many kings sent for him , he did not want to leave his fatherland . He also held the priesthood of Halon , who , being a hero , was ( educated ? ) with Asclepius by Cheiron… . ( a shrine ) dedicated to… . was tended by Iophon , Sophocles’ son , after his death . Sophocles’ piety exceeded that of anyone else , as Hieronymus says… . concerning the golden crown . For when this was stolen from the Acropolis , Heracles revealed the fact to Sophocles in a dream , telling him to look for a house on the right as he was walking where it had been hidden . He made this known to the Athenian people and received a talent , the reward that had been announced in advance . So he took the talent and established a shrine for Heracles the Revealer . A number of authors also refer to his lawsuit with his son Iophon . For Iophon was his son by Nicostrate and Ariston by Theoris , a Sicyonian , and he showed greater affection for the latter’s child , whose name was Sophocles . And once in a drama he brought on Iophon as envious of him and making an accusation against his father before the phratry that he was suffering from dementia . But they penalized Iophon . According to Satyrus , the playwright said : ‘if I am Sophocles I am not mad . But if I am mad , I am not Sophocles , and then he read from the Oedipus . Ister and Neanthes say that he died in the following way : the actor Callipides , who had come from the workshop in Opous at around the time of the Choes , sent Sophocles a bunch of grapes . And Sophocles , putting a grape in his mouth that was still unripe , choked as a result of his extreme old age and then died . Satyrus says that whilst he was reading the Antigone , when he came to a lengthy sentence towards the end that did not have any punctuation indicating a pause , having forced himself to go on speaking , he gave up speech and life-breath together . Others say that after a reading of the play , when the announcement was made that he had been victorious , he departed life , overcome by joy . He was placed in the tomb of his ancestors , which lies beside the road to Deceleia , eleven stades in front of the wall . Some say that they set up a statue of a Siren on his memorial , others , that it was a bronze swallow . When the Spartans were building fortifications against the Athenians on this spot , Dionysus appeared before Lysander in a dream vision and ordered him to allow the man to be placed in the tomb . When Lysander made light of his dream , Dionysus appeared to him a second time , with the same instruction . Then Lysander , enquiring from some exiles who the dead man was , after learning that it was Sophocles , sent a herald granting the man burial . Lobon says that the following is inscribed on his tomb : I enclose in this tomb Sophocles , who took first place in the tragic art , a most venerable figure . Ister says that , on account of his virtue , the Athenians voted that sacrifices should be made to him every year . Aristophanes says that he wrote a hundred and thirty plays , but seventeen of these are considered spurious . He competed with Aeschylus , Euripides , Choerilus , Aristias and many others , including Iophon his son . On the whole , his vocabulary is Homeric . He also followed in Homer’s footsteps when composing his plots and copies the Odyssey in many of his dramas . He even follows Homer in showing the etymology of Odysseus’ name : I am rightly called Odysseus because of my troubles ; for many are wroth against me and bear me ill will . He delineates character , embellishes , and makes skilful use of intent , imitating Homer’s charm . As a result , one Ionian says that Sophocles alone is Homer’s disciple . Many others have imitated one of their forebears or contemporaries , but Sophocles alone gathers the clearest honey from each . It is for this reason that he was also called the bee . He blended together good timing , sweetness , daring and embellishment . He knew how to pace the time and events so well that in a short hemistich or a single word he was able to delineate an entire character . This is the greatest achievement in poetry , to reveal character or emotional affect . So Aristophanes says , ‘a honeycomb sat on him’ , and elsewhere says ‘Sophocles , whose mouth was smeared with honey . Aristoxenus says that he was the first of the Athenian poets to introduce Phrygian melodies into his own songs and to mix in the dithyrambic style .

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