Nick Olwell
Catholic Memorial
55 A
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2018-10-22 15:28:54
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
English
English
Latin
He first conquered the Helvetians , who now are called the Sequani , then he proceeded as far as the British Ocean by conquering through most serious wars . Moreover , in nearly nine years , he subdued all of Gaul , which is between the Alps , the Rhone river , the Rhine river , and the ocean .
Frist , he conquered the Helvetians , who are now called the Squani , he came war to through the wars to the Britian Ocean / channel . However , he year nine all of Gaul , which are between the Alps , Rhodanum , Rhenum , and the ocean .
Is primus vicit Helvetios , qui nunc Sequani appellantur , deinde vicendo per bella gravissima usque ad Oceanum Britannicum processit . Domuit autem annis novem fere omnem Galliam , quae inter Alpes , flumen Rhodanum , Rhenum et Oceanum est .
Ghost Story
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2018-11-19 18:07:50
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
Latin
English
Inde inhabitantibus tristes diraeque noctes per metum vigilabantur ; vigiliam morbus et crescente metu mors sequebatur . Nam interdiu quoque , quamquam aberat imago , memoria imaginis in oculis errabat , longiorque causis timoris timor erat .
Domus inde deserta et damnata solitudine et illi monstro tota relicta ; vendere prohibebatur tamen , et conducere prohibebatur aliquis ignarus tanti mali .
Venit Athenas philosophus nomine Athenodorus , legit titulum et audit pretium , quia suspecta quantitas pecuniae , rogans multas quaestiones , omnia docetur ac nihilo minus , immo tanto magis conducit .
Ubi coepit nox , Athenodorus iubet lectum poni sibi in prima parte domus , poscit tabulam et stilum et lumen , et suos omnes servos in interiora dimittit ; ipse ad scribendum animum et oculos et manum intendit , ne vacua mens audita simulacra et inanes sibi metus fingeret . In principio , audiebat silentium noctis ; tum audiebat sonum ferri , et fragor vinculorum . Ille non tollebat oculos , non remittebat stilum , sed auribusque praetendebat .
Tum erat plus fragoris , venit et iam ut in limine , iam ut intra limen audiri . Respicit , videt agnoscitque narratam sibi effigiem . Stabat innuebatque digito similis vocanti . Athenodorus significat manu contra ut paulum exspectaret phantasma rursusque cartae et stilo incumbit .
Domus inde deserta et damnata solitudine et illi monstro tota relicta ; vendere prohibebatur tamen , et conducere prohibebatur aliquis ignarus tanti mali .
Venit Athenas philosophus nomine Athenodorus , legit titulum et audit pretium , quia suspecta quantitas pecuniae , rogans multas quaestiones , omnia docetur ac nihilo minus , immo tanto magis conducit .
Ubi coepit nox , Athenodorus iubet lectum poni sibi in prima parte domus , poscit tabulam et stilum et lumen , et suos omnes servos in interiora dimittit ; ipse ad scribendum animum et oculos et manum intendit , ne vacua mens audita simulacra et inanes sibi metus fingeret . In principio , audiebat silentium noctis ; tum audiebat sonum ferri , et fragor vinculorum . Ille non tollebat oculos , non remittebat stilum , sed auribusque praetendebat .
Tum erat plus fragoris , venit et iam ut in limine , iam ut intra limen audiri . Respicit , videt agnoscitque narratam sibi effigiem . Stabat innuebatque digito similis vocanti . Athenodorus significat manu contra ut paulum exspectaret phantasma rursusque cartae et stilo incumbit .
Then
the
sad
and
grim
nights
were
spent
awake
by
the
inhabitants
through
fear
.
With
the
fear
growing
,
disease
and
death
were
following
the
vigil
.
Now
,
even
during
the
day
,
although
the
figure
was
not
there
,
the
memory
of
the
figure
was
wandering
in
their
eyes
,
and
the
fear
was
greater
than
the
cause
of
the
fear
.
Then the house had been deserted and condemned to solitude , and was completely given over to that monster . Nevertheless , it was prohibited to sell the house , and it was prohibited for anyone ignorant of such evil to rent it .
A philosopher named Athenodorus comes to Athens , reads the title of the house and hears the price . Because the amount of money is suspicious , asking many questions , he is taught everything and not less , on the contrary , he ( wants to ) rent the house even more .
When night begins , Athenodorus orders a bed to be placed for him in the front part of the house , asks for a table , a pen , and a lamp , and sends all of his servants into the interior of the house . He himself stenches his mind , eyes , and hand for the purpose of writing , so that his empty mind and idle fear would not imagine the figure having been heard . In the beginning , he heard the silence of the night , then he heard the sound of iron , and the noise of chains . He did not raise his eyes , nor did he put down his pen , but strained even his ears .
Then there was more of noise , it sounds like it’s on the threshold , now like it’s within the threshold . Athenodorus glances at it , sees it , and recognizes the figure having been described to him . The ghost was standing and nodding , similar to one calling with a finger . Athenodorus motions with his hand in reply that the ghost should wait a little , and leans back over the letter and his pen .
Then the house had been deserted and condemned to solitude , and was completely given over to that monster . Nevertheless , it was prohibited to sell the house , and it was prohibited for anyone ignorant of such evil to rent it .
A philosopher named Athenodorus comes to Athens , reads the title of the house and hears the price . Because the amount of money is suspicious , asking many questions , he is taught everything and not less , on the contrary , he ( wants to ) rent the house even more .
When night begins , Athenodorus orders a bed to be placed for him in the front part of the house , asks for a table , a pen , and a lamp , and sends all of his servants into the interior of the house . He himself stenches his mind , eyes , and hand for the purpose of writing , so that his empty mind and idle fear would not imagine the figure having been heard . In the beginning , he heard the silence of the night , then he heard the sound of iron , and the noise of chains . He did not raise his eyes , nor did he put down his pen , but strained even his ears .
Then there was more of noise , it sounds like it’s on the threshold , now like it’s within the threshold . Athenodorus glances at it , sees it , and recognizes the figure having been described to him . The ghost was standing and nodding , similar to one calling with a finger . Athenodorus motions with his hand in reply that the ghost should wait a little , and leans back over the letter and his pen .
Werewolf Story
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2019-11-01 17:46:47
- Modified on 2019-11-01 17:59:17
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
Latin
English
et postquam veni in illum locum , in quo lapidea vestimenta erant facta , nihil inveni nisi sanguinem . Ut vero domum veni , iacebat miles meus in lecto tanquam bovis , et collum illius medicus curabat . Intellexi illum versipellem esse , nec postea cum illo panem gustare potui , non si me occidisses . Viderint quid de hoc alii exopinissent ; ego simentior , genios vestros iratos habeam . "
But
once
I
came
to
the
place
where
his
clothing
had
turned
into
stone
,
I
found
nothing
but
blood
.
Honestly
,
I
went
home
and
my
soldier
was
lying
like
a
bull
on
his
bed
as
a
doctor
was
tending
to
his
neck
.
I
knew
that
he
was
a
shapeshifter*
then
,
and
I
wouldn’t
have
been
able
to
share
a
meal
with
him
even
if
you
threatened
to
kill
me
.
Let
these
men
believe
what
they
want
about
this
,
but
if
I
am
lying
,
let
the
gods
hate
me
.
"
Book 1 Chapter 3, Caesar
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2019-11-17 19:33:25
- Modified on 2020-01-12 19:19:08
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
CAESAR
Latin
English
Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt ; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant . 3 Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur . Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit . In eo itinere persuadet Castico , Catamantaloedis filio , Sequano , cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat , ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet , quod pater ante habuerit ; 4 itemque Dumnorigi Haeduo , fratri Diviciaci , qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat , ut idem conaretur persuadet eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat
They
reckoned
that
a
term
of
two
years
would
be
sufficient
for
them
to
execute
their
designs
;
they
fix
by
decree
their
departure
for
the
third
year
.
Orgetorix
is
chosen
to
complete
these
arrangements
.
He
took
upon
himself
the
office
of
embassador
to
the
states
:
on
this
journey
he
persuades
Casticus
,
the
son
of
Catamantaledes
(
one
of
the
Sequani
,
whose
father
had
possessed
the
sovereignty
among
the
people
for
many
years
,
and
had
been
styled
"
friend
"
by
the
senate
of
the
Roman
people
)
,
to
seize
upon
the
sovereignty
in
his
own
state
,
which
his
father
had
held
before
him
,
and
he
likewise
persuades
Dumnorix
,
an
Aeduan
,
the
brother
of
Divitiacus
,
who
at
that
time
possessed
the
chief
authority
in
the
state
,
and
was
exceedingly
beloved
by
the
people
,
to
attempt
the
same
,
and
gives
him
his
daughter
in
marriage
.
Book 4 Chapter 1, Caesar
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2020-01-12 18:52:10
- Modified on 2020-01-12 19:19:45
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
Latin
English
Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est , neque longius anno remanere uno in loco colendi causa licet . Neque multum frumento , sed maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt multum sunt in venationibus ; quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae , quod a pueris nullo officio aut disciplina adsuefacti nihil omnino contra voluntatem faciunt , et vires alit et immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit . Atque in eam se consuetudinem adduxerunt ut locis frigidissimis neque vestitus praeter pelles habeant quicquam , quarum propter exiguitatem magna est corporis pars aperta , et laventur in fluminibus .
But
among
them
there
exists
no
private
and
separate
land
;
nor
are
they
permitted
to
remain
more
than
one
year
in
one
place
for
the
purpose
of
residence
.
They
do
not
live
much
on
corn
,
but
subsist
for
the
most
part
on
milk
and
flesh
,
and
are
much
[
engaged
]
in
hunting
;
which
circumstance
must
,
by
the
nature
of
their
food
,
and
by
their
daily
exercise
and
the
freedom
of
their
life
(
for
having
from
boyhood
been
accustomed
to
no
employment
,
or
discipline
,
they
do
nothing
at
all
contrary
to
their
inclination
)
,
both
promote
their
strength
and
render
them
men
of
vast
stature
of
body
.
And
to
such
a
habit
have
they
brought
themselves
,
that
even
in
the
coldest
parts
they
wear
no
clothing
whatever
except
skins
,
by
reason
of
the
scantiness
of
which
,
a
great
portion
of
their
body
is
bare
,
and
besides
they
bathe
in
open
rivers
.
Book 4 Chapter 3, Caesar
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2020-01-14 16:39:17
- Modified on 2020-01-14 16:52:29
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
Latin
English
Publice maximam putant esse laudem quam latissime a suis finibus vacare agros : hac re significari magnum numerum civitatum suam vim sustinere non posse . 2 Itaque una ex parte a Suebis circiter milia passuum C agri vacare dicuntur . 3 Ad alteram partem succedunt Ubii , quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florens , ut est captus Germanorum ; ii paulo , quamquam sunt eiusdem generis , sunt ceteris humaniores , propterea quod Rhenum attingunt multum ad eos mercatores ventitant et ipsi propter propinquitatem [ quod ] Gallicis sunt moribus adsuefacti . 4 Hos cum Suebi multis saepe bellis experti propter amplitudinem gravitatem civitatis finibus expellere non potuissent , tamen vectigales sibi fecerunt ac multo humiliores infirmiores redegerunt .
They
esteem
it
their
greatest
praise
as
a
nation
,
that
the
lands
about
their
territories
lie
unoccupied
to
a
very
great
extent
,
inasmuch
as
[
they
think
]
that
by
this
circumstance
is
indicated
,
that
a
great
number
of
nations
can
not
withstand
their
power
;
and
thus
on
one
side
of
the
Suevi
the
lands
are
said
to
lie
desolate
for
about
six
hundred
miles
.
On
the
other
side
they
border
on
the
Ubii
,
whose
state
was
large
and
flourishing
,
considering
the
condition
of
the
Germans
,
and
who
are
somewhat
more
refined
than
those
of
the
same
race
and
the
rest
[
of
the
Germans
]
,
and
that
because
they
border
on
the
Rhine
,
and
are
much
resorted
to
by
merchants
,
and
are
accustomed
to
the
manners
of
the
Gauls
,
by
reason
of
their
proximity
to
them
.
Though
the
Suevi
,
after
making
the
attempt
frequently
and
in
several
wars
,
could
not
expel
this
nation
from
their
territories
,
on
account
of
the
extent
and
population
of
their
state
,
yet
they
made
them
tributaries
,
and
rendered
them
less
distinguished
and
powerful
[
than
they
had
ever
been
]
.
Book 4 Chapter 12 Caesar
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2020-02-02 20:05:08
- Modified on 2020-02-02 21:34:19
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
Latin
English
In eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur IIII et LXX , in his vir fortissimus Piso Aquitanus , amplissimo genere natus , cuius avus in civitate sua regnum obtinuerat amicus a senatu nostro appellatus . Hic cum fratri intercluso ab hostibus auxilium ferret , illum ex periculo eripuit , ipse equo vulnerato deiectus , quoad potuit , fortissime restitit ; cum circumventus multis vulneribus acceptis cecidisset atque id frater , qui iam proelio excesserat , procul animadvertisset , incitato equo se hostibus obtulit atque interfectus est .
In
that
encounter
seventy-four
of
our
horse
were
slain
;
among
them
,
Piso
,
an
Aquitanian
,
a
most
valiant
man
,
and
descended
from
a
very
illustrious
family
;
whose
grandfather
had
held
the
sovereignty
of
his
state
,
and
had
been
styled
friend
by
our
senate
.
He
,
while
he
was
endeavoring
to
render
assistance
to
his
brother
who
was
surrounded
by
the
enemy
,
and
whom
he
rescued
from
danger
,
was
himself
thrown
from
his
horse
,
which
was
wounded
under
him
,
but
still
opposed
[
his
antagonists
]
with
the
greatest
intrepidity
,
as
long
as
he
was
able
to
maintain
the
conflict
.
When
at
length
he
fell
,
surrounded
on
all
sides
and
after
receiving
many
wounds
,
and
his
brother
,
who
had
then
retired
from
the
fight
,
observed
it
from
a
distance
,
he
spurred
on
his
horse
,
threw
himself
upon
the
enemy
,
and
was
killed
.
Book 4 Chapter 19, Caesar
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2020-03-03 03:24:10
- Modified on 2020-03-03 14:39:06
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
Latin
Latin
haec ab iis cognovit : Suebos , postea quam per exploratores pontem fieri comperissent , more suo concilio habito nuntios in omnes partes dimisisse , uti de oppidis demigrarent , liberos , uxores suaque omnia in silvis deponerent atque omnes qui arma ferre possent unum in locum convenirent . Hunc esse delectum medium fere regionum earum quas Suebi obtinerent ; hic Romanorum adventum expectare atque ibi decertare constituisse . Quod ubi Caesar comperit , omnibus iis rebus confectis , quarum rerum causa exercitum traducere constituerat , ut Germanis metum iniceret , ut Sugambros ulcisceretur , ut Ubios obsidione liberaret , diebus omnino XVIII trans Rhenum consumptis , satis et ad laudem et ad utilitatem profectum arbitratus se in Galliam recepit pontemque rescidit .
he
learned
from
them
these
particulars
:
that
the
Suevi
,
after
they
had
by
means
of
their
scouts
found
that
the
bridge
was
being
built
,
had
called
a
council
,
according
to
their
custom
,
and
sent
orders
to
all
parts
of
their
state
to
remove
from
the
towns
and
convey
their
children
,
wives
,
and
all
their
possessions
into
the
woods
,
and
that
all
who
could
bear
arms
should
assemble
in
one
place
;
that
the
place
thus
chosen
was
nearly
the
centre
of
those
regions
which
the
Suevi
possessed
;
that
in
this
spot
they
had
resolved
to
await
the
arrival
of
the
Romans
,
and
give
them
battle
there
.
When
Caesar
discovered
this
,
having
already
accomplished
all
these
things
on
account
of
which
he
had
resolved
to
lead
his
army
over
,
namely
,
to
strike
fear
into
the
Germans
,
take
vengeance
on
the
Sigambri
,
and
free
the
Ubii
from
the
invasion
of
the
Suevi
,
having
spent
altogether
eighteen
days
beyond
the
Rhine
,
and
thinking
he
had
advanced
far
enough
to
serve
both
honor
and
interest
,
he
returned
into
Gaul
,
and
cut
down
the
bridge
.
Book 7, Chapter 68-69, Caesar
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2020-03-26 18:28:09
- Modified on 2020-03-31 04:02:46
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
Latin
English
Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias , ut pro castris collocaverat , reduxit protinusque Alesiam , quod est oppidum Mandubiorum , iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit . Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis , duabus legionibus praesidio relictis , secutus quantum diei tempus est passum , circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit . Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus , quod equitatu , qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant , erant pulsi , adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco , ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur ; cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant . Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant . Sub muro , quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat , hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant . Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat . Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta , quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur , ne qua subito eruptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur .
All
his
cavalry
being
routed
,
Vercingetorix
led
back
his
troops
in
the
same
order
as
he
had
arranged
them
before
the
camp
,
and
immediately
began
to
march
to
Alesia
,
which
is
a
town
of
the
Mandubii
,
and
ordered
the
baggage
to
be
speedily
brought
forth
from
the
camp
,
and
follow
him
closely
.
Caesar
,
having
conveyed
his
baggage
to
the
nearest
hill
,
and
having
left
two
legions
to
guard
it
,
pursued
as
far
as
the
time
of
day
would
permit
,
and
after
slaying
about
three
thousand
of
the
rear
of
the
enemy
,
encamped
at
Alesia
on
the
next
day
.
On
reconnoitering
the
situation
of
the
city
,
finding
that
the
enemy
were
panic-stricken
,
because
the
cavalry
in
which
they
placed
their
chief
reliance
,
were
beaten
,
he
encouraged
his
men
to
endure
the
toil
,
and
began
to
draw
a
line
of
circumvallation
round
Alesia
.
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
The town itself was situated on the top of a hill , in a very lofty position , so that it did not appear likely to be taken , except by a regular siege . Two rivers , on two different sides , washed the foot of the hill . Before the town lay a plain of about three miles in length ; on every other side hills at a moderate distance , and of an equal degree of height , surrounded the town . The army of the Gauls had filled all the space under the wall , comprising a part of the hill which looked to the rising sun , and had drawn in front a trench and a stone wall six feet high . The circuit of that fortification , which was commenced by the Romans , comprised eleven miles . The camp was pitched in a strong position , and twenty-three redoubts were raised in it , in which sentinels were placed by day , lest any sally should be made suddenly ; and by night the same were occupied by watches and strong guards .
Pliny the Elder and Elephants
Nick Olwell /
- Created on 2020-06-01 01:45:17
- Modified on 2020-06-01 16:46:12
- Aligned by Nick Olwell
Latin
English
English
Praedam ipsi in se expetendam sciunt solam esse in armis suis , quae iuba cornua appellat , Herodotus tanto antiquior et consuetudo melius dentes . Quam ob rem deciduos casu aliquo vel senecta defodiunt . Hoc solum ebur est ; cetero et in his quoque , qua corpus intexit , vilitas ossea . Quamquam nuper ossa etiam in laminas secari coepere paenuria : etenim rara amplitudo iam dentium praeterquam ex India reperitur ; cetera in nostro orbe cessere luxuriae . Dentium candore intellegitur iuventa . Circa hos beluis summa cura : alterius mucroni parcunt , ne sit proeliis hebes , alterius operario usu fodiunt radices , inpellunt moles ; circumventique a venantibus primos constituunt quibus sint minimi , ne tanti proelium putetur , postea fessi inpactos arbori frangunt praedaque se redimunt .
Mirum in plerisque animalium scire quare petantur , sed et fere cuncta quid caveant . Elephans homine obvio forte in solitudine et simpliciter oberrante clemens placidusque etiam demonstrare viam traditur ; idem vestigio hominis animadverso prius quam homine intremescere insidiarum metu , subsistere ab olfactu , circumspectare , iras proflare nec calcare , sed erutum proximo tradere , illum sequenti , simili nuntio usque ad extremum , tunc agmen circumagi et reverti aciemque derigi . Adeo omnium odori durare virus illud maiore ex parte ne nudorum quidem pedum .
Elephanti gregatim semper ingrediuntur . Ducit agmen maximus natu , cogit aetate proximus . amnem transituri minimos praemittunt , ne maiorum ingressu atterente alveum crescat gurgiti altitudo . Antipater auctor est duos Antiocho regi in bellicis usibus celebres etiam cognominibus fuisse ; etenim novere ea . Certe Cato , cum imperatorum nomina annalibus detraxerit , eum , qui fortissime proeliatus esset in Punica acie , surum tradidit vocatum altero dente mutilato .
Mirum in plerisque animalium scire quare petantur , sed et fere cuncta quid caveant . Elephans homine obvio forte in solitudine et simpliciter oberrante clemens placidusque etiam demonstrare viam traditur ; idem vestigio hominis animadverso prius quam homine intremescere insidiarum metu , subsistere ab olfactu , circumspectare , iras proflare nec calcare , sed erutum proximo tradere , illum sequenti , simili nuntio usque ad extremum , tunc agmen circumagi et reverti aciemque derigi . Adeo omnium odori durare virus illud maiore ex parte ne nudorum quidem pedum .
Elephanti gregatim semper ingrediuntur . Ducit agmen maximus natu , cogit aetate proximus . amnem transituri minimos praemittunt , ne maiorum ingressu atterente alveum crescat gurgiti altitudo . Antipater auctor est duos Antiocho regi in bellicis usibus celebres etiam cognominibus fuisse ; etenim novere ea . Certe Cato , cum imperatorum nomina annalibus detraxerit , eum , qui fortissime proeliatus esset in Punica acie , surum tradidit vocatum altero dente mutilato .
These animals are well aware that the only spoil that we are anxious to procure of them is the part which forms their weapon of defence , by Juba , called their horns , but by Herodotus , a much older writer , as well as by general usage and more appropriately , their teeth . 1 Hence it is that , when their tusks have fallen off , either by accident or from old age , they bury them in the earth . 2 These tusks form the only real ivory , and , even in these , the part which is covered by the flesh is merely common bone , and of no value whatever ; though , indeed , of late , in consequence of the insufficient supply of ivory , they have begun to cut the bones as well into thin plates . Large teeth , in fact , are now rarely found , except in India , the demands of luxury3 having exhausted all those in our part of the world . The youthfulness of the animal is ascertained by the whiteness of the teeth4 These animals take the greatest care of their teeth ; they pay especial attention to the point of one of them , that it may not be found blunt when wanted for combat ; the other they employ for various purposes , such as digging up roots and pushing forward heavy weights . When they are surrounded by the hunters , they place those in front which have the smallest teeth , that the enemy may think that the spoil is not worth the combat ; and afterwards , when they are weary of resistance , they break off their teeth , by dashing them against a tree , and in this manner pay their ransom .
It is a wonderful thing , that most animals are aware why it is that they are sought after , and what it is , that , under all circumstances , they have to guard against . When an elephant happens to meet a man in the desert , who is merely wandering about , the animal , it is said , shows himself both merciful and kind , and even points out the way . But the very same animal , if he meets with the traces of a man , 1 before he meets the man himself , trembles in every limb , for fear of an ambush , stops short and scents the wind , looks around him , and snorts aloud with rage ; and then , without trampling upon the object , digs it up , 2 and passes it to the next one , who again passes it to the one that follows , and so on from one to the other , till it comes to the very last . The herd then faces about , returns , and ranges itself in order of battle ; so strongly does the odour , in all cases , attach itself to the human footstep , even though , as is most frequently the case , the foot itself is not naked .
Elephants always move in herds . 4 The oldest takes the lead , and the next in age brings up the rear . When they are crossing a river , they first send over the smallest , for fear lest the weight of the larger ones may increase the depth of the channel , by working away the bed of the river . We learn from Antipater , that King Antiochus had two elephants , which he employed in his wars , and to which he had given the names of celebrated men ; and that they were aware too of this mark of distinction . 5 Cato , in his Annals , while he has passed over in silence the names of the generals , has given that of an elephant called Surus , which fought with the greatest valour in the Carthaginian army , and had lost one of its tusks .
It is a wonderful thing , that most animals are aware why it is that they are sought after , and what it is , that , under all circumstances , they have to guard against . When an elephant happens to meet a man in the desert , who is merely wandering about , the animal , it is said , shows himself both merciful and kind , and even points out the way . But the very same animal , if he meets with the traces of a man , 1 before he meets the man himself , trembles in every limb , for fear of an ambush , stops short and scents the wind , looks around him , and snorts aloud with rage ; and then , without trampling upon the object , digs it up , 2 and passes it to the next one , who again passes it to the one that follows , and so on from one to the other , till it comes to the very last . The herd then faces about , returns , and ranges itself in order of battle ; so strongly does the odour , in all cases , attach itself to the human footstep , even though , as is most frequently the case , the foot itself is not naked .
Elephants always move in herds . 4 The oldest takes the lead , and the next in age brings up the rear . When they are crossing a river , they first send over the smallest , for fear lest the weight of the larger ones may increase the depth of the channel , by working away the bed of the river . We learn from Antipater , that King Antiochus had two elephants , which he employed in his wars , and to which he had given the names of celebrated men ; and that they were aware too of this mark of distinction . 5 Cato , in his Annals , while he has passed over in silence the names of the generals , has given that of an elephant called Surus , which fought with the greatest valour in the Carthaginian army , and had lost one of its tusks .
They are aware that the only spoil we desire of them are the weapons , which , by Juba , is called the hoof , but by Herodotus , a much older and customary writer and honestly , teeth . Who , on account of these things , once they fall , by chance , someone , or old age , are burried . These are only ivory , and likewise in these , which are covered in flesh , are cheap bone . Although , recently , with the scarcity , they are beginning to also cut the bone into plates . Indeed , great teeth are now rarely discovered except in India , the luxury withdrawing from our territory . The youth is understood by the whiteness of the teeth . These beats worry the most around their teeth , they show consideration to the sharp points of the other , so that it won’t be blunt when they fight , and the other to dig up roots and push large mass . And when they are encircled in a hunt , they set up those with the smallest ( teeth ) first , so that they don’t think the battle will be of such great size , and after they are tired , they thrust the spoils against a tree to break them off to redeem themselves .
It is wonderful that the majority of animals know why we beat them , but nearly all avoid this being taken . When the elephants are exposed in the wilderness to a man who is simply wandering about , ( the animal ) , is merciful and loving and also points out the way to deliver ( go ) . Likewise , if they notice the footprints of the humans first , they tremble in fear of an ambush , stops short and smells the air , looks about , exhales with rage not trampling ( the nearest root ) , but digs up the nearest root to hand over to those following , the messengers pass it all the way to the end , then the heard leads around and turns back and guides with the sharp points . The poisiness odor attatches itself to all humans feet that are , most of the time , indeed a nude part of him .
Elephants always walk in flocks . The greatest in age lead the flock , the next in age rounds up ( the heard ) . When crossing a river they send the youngest , not the largest who’s walking would rub against the river bed and increase the depth of the abyss . Antipater , the king who had two elephants , which he udes in war , and also gave them the same name as those celbrated ; and even they ( the elephants ) knew this ( their names ) . Certain Cato , in his chronicles , excludes the names of his generals , gave that of ( an elephant ) the strongest in a fight in the Carthaginian battle line , and was called to maime and surrender his tusk to the Syrians .
It is wonderful that the majority of animals know why we beat them , but nearly all avoid this being taken . When the elephants are exposed in the wilderness to a man who is simply wandering about , ( the animal ) , is merciful and loving and also points out the way to deliver ( go ) . Likewise , if they notice the footprints of the humans first , they tremble in fear of an ambush , stops short and smells the air , looks about , exhales with rage not trampling ( the nearest root ) , but digs up the nearest root to hand over to those following , the messengers pass it all the way to the end , then the heard leads around and turns back and guides with the sharp points . The poisiness odor attatches itself to all humans feet that are , most of the time , indeed a nude part of him .
Elephants always walk in flocks . The greatest in age lead the flock , the next in age rounds up ( the heard ) . When crossing a river they send the youngest , not the largest who’s walking would rub against the river bed and increase the depth of the abyss . Antipater , the king who had two elephants , which he udes in war , and also gave them the same name as those celbrated ; and even they ( the elephants ) knew this ( their names ) . Certain Cato , in his chronicles , excludes the names of his generals , gave that of ( an elephant ) the strongest in a fight in the Carthaginian battle line , and was called to maime and surrender his tusk to the Syrians .