Thucydides I.1
Bernardo CDA Vasconcelos / Thucydides
- Created on 2018-09-06 19:57:22
- Modified on 2019-01-22 15:46:26
- Translated by JEREMY MYNOTT
- Aligned by Bernardo CDA Vasconcelos
History of the Peloponnesian War
Ἑλληνική Transliterate
English
Θουκυδίδης Ἀθηναῖος ξυνέγραψε τὸν πόλεμον τῶν Πελοποννησίων καὶ Ἀθηναίων , ὡς ἐπολέμησαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους , ἀρξάμενος εὐθὺς καθισταμένου καὶ ἐλπίσας μέγαν τε ἔσεσθαι καὶ ἀξιολογώτατον τῶν προγεγενημένων , τεκμαιρόμενος ὅτι ἀκμάζοντές τε ᾖσαν ἐς αὐτὸν ἀμφότεροι παρασκευῇ τῇ πάσῃ καὶ τὸ ἄλλο Ἑλληνικὸν ὁρῶν ξυνιστάμενον πρὸς ἑκατέρους , τὸ μὲν εὐθύς , τὸ δὲ καὶ διανοούμενον . κίνησις γὰρ αὕτη μεγίστη δὴ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐγένετο καὶ μέρει τινὶ τῶν βαρβάρων , ὡς δὲ εἰπεῖν καὶ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἀνθρώπων . τὰ γὰρ πρὸ αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ ἔτι παλαίτερα σαφῶς μὲν εὑρεῖν διὰ χρόνου πλῆθος ἀδύνατα ἦν , ἐκ δὲ τεκμηρίων ὧν ἐπὶ μακρότατον σκοποῦντί μοι πιστεῦσαι ξυμβαίνει οὐ μεγάλα νομίζω γενέσθαι οὔτε κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους οὔτε ἐς τὰ ἄλλα .
Thucydides
of
Athens
wrote
the
war
of
the
Peloponnesians
and
the
Athenians
,
how
they
waged
it
against
each
other
.
He
began
writing
at
its
very
outset
,
in
the
expectation
that
this
would
be
a
great
war
and
more
worthy
of
account
than
any
previous
one
.
He
based
this
judgement
on
the
grounds
that
both
sides
came
into
the
war
at
the
height
of
their
powers
and
in
a
full
state
of
military
readiness
;
and
he
also
saw
that
the
rest
of
the
Greek
world
had
either
taken
sides
right
at
the
start
or
was
now
planning
to
do
so
.
This
was
certainly
the
greatest
ever
upheaval
among
the
Greeks
,
and
one
which
affected
a
good
part
of
the
barbarian
world
too
–
even
,
you
could
say
,
most
of
mankind
.
In
respect
of
the
preceding
period
and
the
still
remoter
past
,
the
length
of
time
that
has
elapsed
made
it
impossible
to
ascertain
clearly
what
happened
;
but
from
the
evidence
I
find
I
can
trust
in
pushing
my
enquiries
back
as
far
as
possible
,
I
judge
that
earlier
events
were
not
on
the
same
scale
,
either
as
regards
their
wars
or
in
other
respects
.
Thucydides I.2
Bernardo CDA Vasconcelos / Thucydides
- Created on 2018-09-06 20:42:13
- Modified on 2019-01-22 15:46:33
- Translated by JEREMY MYNOTT
- Aligned by Bernardo CDA Vasconcelos
History of the Peloponnesian War
Ἑλληνική Transliterate
English
φαίνεται γὰρ ἡ νῦν Ἑλλὰς καλουμένη οὐ πάλαι βεβαίως οἰκουμένη , ἀλλὰ μεταναστάσεις τε οὖσαι τὰ πρότερα καὶ ῥᾳδίως ἕκαστοι τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀπολείποντες βιαζόμενοι ὑπό τινων αἰεὶ πλειόνων . τῆς γὰρ ἐμπορίας οὐκ οὔσης , οὐδ ' ἐπιμειγνύντες ἀδεῶς ἀλλήλοις οὔτε κατὰ γῆν οὔτε διὰ θαλάσσης , νεμόμενοί τε τὰ αὑτῶν ἕκαστοι ὅσον ἀποζῆν καὶ περιουσίαν χρημάτων οὐκ ἔχοντες οὐδὲ γῆν φυτεύοντες , ἄδηλον ὂν ὁπότε τις ἐπελθὼν καὶ ἀτειχίστων ἅμα ὄντων ἄλλος ἀφαιρήσεται , τῆς τε καθ ' ἡμέραν ἀναγκαίου τροφῆς πανταχοῦ ἂν ἡγούμενοι ἐπικρατεῖν , οὐ χαλεπῶς ἀπανίσταντο , καὶ δι ' αὐτὸ οὔτε μεγέθει πόλεων ἴσχυον οὔτε τῇ ἄλλῃ παρασκευῇ . μάλιστα δὲ τῆς γῆς ἡ ἀρίστη αἰεὶ τὰς μεταβολὰς τῶν οἰκητόρων εἶχεν , ἥ τε νῦν Θεσσαλία καλουμένη καὶ Βοιωτία Πελοποννήσου τε τὰ πολλὰ πλὴν Ἀρκαδίας , τῆς τε ἄλλης ὅσα ἦν κράτιστα . διὰ γὰρ ἀρετὴν γῆς αἵ τε δυνάμεις τισὶ μείζους ἐγγιγνόμεναι στάσεις ἐνεποίουν ἐξ ὧν ἐφθείροντο , καὶ ἅμα ὑπὸ ἀλλοφύλων μᾶλλον ἐπεβουλεύοντο . τὴν γοῦν Ἀττικὴν ἐκ τοῦ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον διὰ τὸ λεπτόγεων ἀστασίαστον οὖσαν ἄνθρωποι ᾤκουν οἱ αὐτοὶ αἰεί . καὶ παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου οὐκ ἐλάχιστόν ἐστι διὰ τὰς μετοικίας ἐς τὰ ἄλλα μὴ ὁμοίως αὐξηθῆναι · ἐκ γὰρ τῆς ἄλλης Ἑλλάδος οἱ πολέμῳ ἢ στάσει ἐκπίπτοντες παρ ' Ἀθηναίους οἱ δυνατώτατοι ὡς βέβαιον ὂν ἀνεχώρουν , καὶ πολῖται γιγνόμενοι εὐθὺς ἀπὸ παλαιοῦ μείζω ἔτι ἐποίησαν πλήθει ἀνθρώπων τὴν πόλιν , ὥστε καὶ ἐς Ἰωνίαν ὕστερον ὡς οὐχ ἱκανῆς οὔσης τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἀποικίας ἐξέπεμψαν .
It
is
evident
that
long
ago
what
is
now
called
‘Hellas’
had
no
stable
settlements
;
instead
there
were
various
migrations
in
these
early
times
and
each
group
readily
abandoned
their
own
territory
whenever
forced
to
do
so
by
those
with
superior
numbers
.
For
there
was
no
commerce
and
people
were
insecure
about
making
contact
with
each
other
either
by
land
or
sea
,
so
they
each
lived
off
their
own
land
just
at
subsistence
level
and
neither
produced
any
surplus
goods
nor
planted
the
ground
,
since
they
had
no
walls
and
never
knew
when
some
invader
might
come
and
rob
them
.
They
took
the
view
that
they
could
secure
their
daily
needs
for
sustenance
anywhere
,
and
so
were
not
exercised
about
uprooting
and
moving
on
,
with
the
consequence
that
they
had
no
cities
of
any
size
or
other
general
resources
to
make
them
strong
.
It
was
always
the
finest
land
that
was
most
subject
to
changes
of
population
:
namely
,
what
is
now
called
Thessaly
,
Boeotia
,
most
of
the
Peloponnese
excluding
Arcadia
,
and
the
best
parts
elsewhere
.
And
the
quality
of
the
land
gave
some
groups
more
power
than
others
,
and
that
led
to
internal
conflict
,
which
destroyed
them
and
at
the
same
time
encouraged
outsiders
to
have
designs
on
them
.
Attica
,
at
any
rate
,
has
been
free
of
such
strife
from
the
earliest
times
on
account
of
its
poor
soil
and
has
always
been
inhabited
by
the
same
people
.
This
is
a
good
illustration
of
my
argument
that
it
was
because
of
relocations
that
other
places
did
not
develop
in
the
same
way
as
Attica
;
for
the
most
powerful
figures
from
other
parts
of
Greece
,
who
were
driven
out
either
by
war
or
internal
conflict
,
resorted
to
the
safety
of
Athens
,
and
by
becoming
citizens
right
from
the
very
earliest
times
they
so
increased
the
city’s
population
that
Attica
could
not
contain
them
and
the
Athenians
later
sent
out
colonies
to
occupy
Ionia
as
well
.
Pericles Funeral Oration (Thu II.35)
Bernardo CDA Vasconcelos / Thucydides
- Created on 2018-09-11 02:59:57
- Modified on 2021-01-26 19:17:16
- Translated by Mário da Gamma Kury & Jeremy Mynott
- Aligned by Bernardo CDA Vasconcelos
Português
Ἑλληνική
English
" Muitos dos que me precederam neste lugar fizeram elogios ao legislador que acrescentou um discurso à cerimônia usual nestas circunstâncias , considerando justo celebrar também com palavras os mortos na guerra em seus funerais . A mim , todavia , ter-me-ia parecido suficiente , tratando-se de homens que se mostraram valorosos em atos , manifestar apenas com atos as honras que lhes prestamos - honras como as que hoje presenciastes nesta cerimônia fúnebre oficial - em vez de deixar o reconhecimento do valor de tantos homens na dependência do maior ou menor talento oratório de um só homem . É realmente difícil falar com propriedade numa ocasião em que não é possível aquilatar a credibilidade das palavras do orador . O ouvinte bem informado e disposto favoravelmente pensará talvez que não foi feita a devida justiça em face de seus próprios desejos e de seu conhecimento dos fatos , enquanto outro menos informado , ouvindo falar de um feito além de sua própria capacidade , será levado pela inveja a pensar em algum exagero . De fato , elogios a outras pessoas são toleráveis somente até onde cada um se julga capaz de realizar qualquer dos atos cuja menção está ouvindo ; quando vão além disto , provocam a inveja , e com ela a incredulidade . Seja como for , já que nossos antepassados julgaram boa esta prática também devo obedecer à lei , e farei o possível para corresponder à expectativa e às opiniões de cada um de vós .
" ’Οἱ μὲν πολλοὶ τῶν ἐνθάδε ἤδη εἰρηκότων ἐπαινοῦσι τὸν
προσθέντα τῷ νόμῳ τὸν λόγον τόνδε , ὡς καλὸν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐκ
τῶν πολέμων θαπτομένοις ἀγορεύεσθαι αὐτόν . ἐμοὶ δὲ
ἀρκοῦν ἂν ἐδόκει εἶναι ἀνδρῶν ἀγαθῶν ἔργῳ γενομένων 2 . 35 . 1 . 5
ἔργῳ καὶ δηλοῦσθαι τὰς τιμάς , οἷα καὶ νῦν περὶ τὸν τάφον
τόνδε δημοσίᾳ παρασκευασθέντα ὁρᾶτε , καὶ μὴ ἐν ἑνὶ ἀνδρὶ
πολλῶν ἀρετὰς κινδυνεύεσθαι εὖ τε καὶ χεῖρον εἰπόντι 2 . 35 . 2 . 1
πιστευθῆναι . χαλεπὸν γὰρ τὸ μετρίως εἰπεῖν ἐν ᾧ μόλις καὶ
ἡ δόκησις τῆς ἀληθείας βεβαιοῦται . ὅ τε γὰρ ξυνειδὼς καὶ
εὔνους ἀκροατὴς τάχ ' ἄν τι ἐνδεεστέρως πρὸς ἃ βούλεταί τε
καὶ ἐπίσταται νομίσειε δηλοῦσθαι , ὅ τε ἄπειρος ἔστιν ἃ καὶ 2 . 35 . 2 . 5
πλεονάζεσθαι , διὰ φθόνον , εἴ τι ὑπὲρ τὴν αὑτοῦ φύσιν ἀκούοι .
μέχρι γὰρ τοῦδε ἀνεκτοὶ οἱ ἔπαινοί εἰσι περὶ ἑτέρων
λεγόμενοι , ἐς ὅσον ἂν καὶ αὐτὸς ἕκαστος οἴηται ἱκανὸς εἶναι
δρᾶσαί τι ὧν ἤκουσεν · τῷ δὲ ὑπερβάλλοντι αὐτῶν φθονοῦντες 2 . 35 . 3 . 1
ἤδη καὶ ἀπιστοῦσιν . ἐπειδὴ δὲ τοῖς πάλαι οὕτως ἐδοκιμάσθη
ταῦτα καλῶς ἔχειν , χρὴ καὶ ἐμὲ ἑπόμενον τῷ νόμῳ πειρᾶσθαι
ὑμῶν τῆς ἑκάστου βουλήσεώς τε καὶ δόξης τυχεῖν ὡς ἐπὶ
πλεῖστον . 2 . 36 . 1 . 1
"
προσθέντα τῷ νόμῳ τὸν λόγον τόνδε , ὡς καλὸν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐκ
τῶν πολέμων θαπτομένοις ἀγορεύεσθαι αὐτόν . ἐμοὶ δὲ
ἀρκοῦν ἂν ἐδόκει εἶναι ἀνδρῶν ἀγαθῶν ἔργῳ γενομένων 2 . 35 . 1 . 5
ἔργῳ καὶ δηλοῦσθαι τὰς τιμάς , οἷα καὶ νῦν περὶ τὸν τάφον
τόνδε δημοσίᾳ παρασκευασθέντα ὁρᾶτε , καὶ μὴ ἐν ἑνὶ ἀνδρὶ
πολλῶν ἀρετὰς κινδυνεύεσθαι εὖ τε καὶ χεῖρον εἰπόντι 2 . 35 . 2 . 1
πιστευθῆναι . χαλεπὸν γὰρ τὸ μετρίως εἰπεῖν ἐν ᾧ μόλις καὶ
ἡ δόκησις τῆς ἀληθείας βεβαιοῦται . ὅ τε γὰρ ξυνειδὼς καὶ
εὔνους ἀκροατὴς τάχ ' ἄν τι ἐνδεεστέρως πρὸς ἃ βούλεταί τε
καὶ ἐπίσταται νομίσειε δηλοῦσθαι , ὅ τε ἄπειρος ἔστιν ἃ καὶ 2 . 35 . 2 . 5
πλεονάζεσθαι , διὰ φθόνον , εἴ τι ὑπὲρ τὴν αὑτοῦ φύσιν ἀκούοι .
μέχρι γὰρ τοῦδε ἀνεκτοὶ οἱ ἔπαινοί εἰσι περὶ ἑτέρων
λεγόμενοι , ἐς ὅσον ἂν καὶ αὐτὸς ἕκαστος οἴηται ἱκανὸς εἶναι
δρᾶσαί τι ὧν ἤκουσεν · τῷ δὲ ὑπερβάλλοντι αὐτῶν φθονοῦντες 2 . 35 . 3 . 1
ἤδη καὶ ἀπιστοῦσιν . ἐπειδὴ δὲ τοῖς πάλαι οὕτως ἐδοκιμάσθη
ταῦτα καλῶς ἔχειν , χρὴ καὶ ἐμὲ ἑπόμενον τῷ νόμῳ πειρᾶσθαι
ὑμῶν τῆς ἑκάστου βουλήσεώς τε καὶ δόξης τυχεῖν ὡς ἐπὶ
πλεῖστον . 2 . 36 . 1 . 1
"
‘Most of those who havespoken on this occasion in thepast have praised the man who added this speech to the traditional ceremony , regarding it a fitting public tribute at the burial of our war dead . To me , however , it would seem sufficient that when men have proved their worth in action we should also honour them with action – as indeed you see us do today in the provision of this state funeral . Otherwise we risk the good name of many on the persuasive powers of one man , who may speak well or badly . It is difficult for a speaker to strike the right balance when there is not even any firm agreement between different perceptions of the truth . The listener who is close to these events and a friend of the dead may perhaps think that the presentation falls short of what he wants to hear and knows to be the case , while a stranger to the situation may suspect some exaggeration , envious if he hears of feats beyond his own abilities . After all , we can only bear to hear words of praise for others as long as we can each imagine ourselves capable of doing something similar ; anything beyond this prompts resentment , and then actual disbelief . However , since our forebears deemed this the right and proper practice , I too must follow the tradition and try to meet your different wishes and expectations as best I can .