Clark, Brian R. / Herodotus
Tufts University
Herodotus 2.35 & 2.36
Clark, Brian R. / Herodotus
- Created on 2017-05-03 04:44:54
- Modified on 2017-05-03 20:41:06
- Translated by A. D. Godley
- Aligned by Clark, Brian R.
Ἑλληνική Transliterate
English
Νείλου μέν νυν πέρι τοσαῦτα εἰρήσθω . ἔρχομαι δὲ περὶ Αἰγύπτου μηκυνέων τὸν λόγον , ὅτι πλεῖστα θωμάσια ἔχει ἢ ἡ ἄλλη πᾶσα χώρη καὶ ἔργα λόγου μέζω παρέχεται πρὸς πᾶσαν χώρην τούτων εἵνεκα πλέω περὶ αὐτῆς εἰρήσεται . Αἰγύπτιοι ἅμα τῷ οὐρανῷ τῷ κατὰ σφέας ἐόντι ἑτεροίῳ καὶ τῷ ποταμῷ φύσιν ἀλλοίην παρεχομένῳ ἢ οἱ ἄλλοι ποταμοί , τὰ πολλὰ πάντα ἔμπαλιν τοῖσι ἄλλοισι ἀνθρώποισι ἐστήσαντο ἤθεά τε καὶ νόμους · ἐν τοῖσι αἱ μὲν γυναῖκες ἀγοράζουσι καὶ καπηλεύουσι , οἱ δὲ ἄνδρες κατ᾽ οἴκους ἐόντες ὑφαίνουσι · ὑφαίνουσι δὲ οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι ἄνω τὴν κρόκην ὠθέοντες , Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ κάτω . τὰ ἄχθεα οἱ μὲν ἄνδρες ἐπὶ τῶν κεφαλέων φορέουσι , αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων . οὐρέουσι αἱ μὲν γυναῖκες ὀρθαί , οἱ δὲ ἄνδρες κατήμενοι . εὐμαρείῃ χρέωνται ἐν τοῖσι οἴκοισι , ἐσθίουσι δὲ ἔξω ἐν τῇσι ὁδοῖσι ἐπιλέγοντες ὡς τὰ μὲν αἰσχρὰ ἀναγκαῖα δὲ ἐν ἀποκρύφῳ ἐστὶ ποιέειν χρεόν , τὰ δὲ μὴ αἰσχρὰ ἀναφανδόν . ἱρᾶται γυνὴ μὲν οὐδεμία οὔτε ἔρσενος θεοῦ οὔτε θηλέης , ἄνδρες δὲ πάντων τε καὶ πασέων . τρέφειν τοὺς τοκέας τοῖσι μὲν παισὶ οὐδεμία ἀνάγκη μὴ βουλομένοισι , τῇσι δὲ θυγατράσι πᾶσα ἀνάγκη καὶ μὴ βουλομένῃσι .
οἱ ἱρέες τῶν θεῶν τῇ μὲν ἄλλῃ κομέουσι , ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ δὲ ξυρῶνται . τοῖσι ἄλλοισι ἀνθρώποισι νόμος ἅμα κήδεϊ κεκάρθαι τὰς κεφαλὰς τοὺς μάλιστα ἱκνέεται , Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ ὑπὸ τοὺς θανάτους ἀνιεῖσι τὰς τρίχας αὔξεσθαι τάς τε ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ τῷ γενείῳ , τέως ἐξυρημένοι . τοῖσι μὲν ἄλλοισι ἀνθρώποισι χωρὶς θηρίων ἡ δίαιτα ἀποκέκριται , Αἰγυπτίοισι δὲ ὁμοῦ θηρίοισι ἡ δίαιτα ἐστί . ἀπὸ πυρῶν καὶ κριθέων ὧλλοι ζώουσι , Αἰγυπτίων δὲ τῷ ποιευμένῳ ἀπὸ τούτων τὴν ζόην ὄνειδος μέγιστον ἐστί , ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ ὀλυρέων ποιεῦνται σιτία , τὰς ζειὰς μετεξέτεροι καλέουσι . φυρῶσι τὸ μὲν σταῖς τοῖσι ποσί , τὸν δὲ πηλὸν τῇσι χερσί , καὶ τὴν κόπρον ἀναιρέονται . τὰ αἰδοῖα ὧλλοι μὲν ἐῶσι ὡς ἐγένοντο , πλὴν ὅσοι ἀπὸ τούτων ἔμαθον , Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ περιτάμνονται . εἵματα τῶν μὲν ἀνδρῶν ἕκαστος ἔχει δύο , τῶν δὲ γυναικῶν ἓν ἑκάστη . τῶν ἱστίων τοὺς κρίκους καὶ τοὺς κάλους οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι ἔξωθεν προσδέουσι , Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ ἔσωθεν . γράμματα γράφουσι καὶ λογίζονται ψήφοισι Ἕλληνες μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀριστερῶν ἐπὶ τὰ δεξιὰ φέροντες τὴν χεῖρα , Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν δεξιῶν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀριστερά · καὶ ποιεῦντες ταῦτα αὐτοὶ μὲν φασὶ ἐπὶ δεξιὰ ποιέειν , Ἕλληνας δὲ ἐπ᾽ ἀριστερά . διφασίοισι δὲ γράμμασι χρέωνται , καὶ τὰ μὲν αὐτῶν ἱρὰ τὰ δὲ δημοτικὰ καλέεται .
οἱ ἱρέες τῶν θεῶν τῇ μὲν ἄλλῃ κομέουσι , ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ δὲ ξυρῶνται . τοῖσι ἄλλοισι ἀνθρώποισι νόμος ἅμα κήδεϊ κεκάρθαι τὰς κεφαλὰς τοὺς μάλιστα ἱκνέεται , Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ ὑπὸ τοὺς θανάτους ἀνιεῖσι τὰς τρίχας αὔξεσθαι τάς τε ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ τῷ γενείῳ , τέως ἐξυρημένοι . τοῖσι μὲν ἄλλοισι ἀνθρώποισι χωρὶς θηρίων ἡ δίαιτα ἀποκέκριται , Αἰγυπτίοισι δὲ ὁμοῦ θηρίοισι ἡ δίαιτα ἐστί . ἀπὸ πυρῶν καὶ κριθέων ὧλλοι ζώουσι , Αἰγυπτίων δὲ τῷ ποιευμένῳ ἀπὸ τούτων τὴν ζόην ὄνειδος μέγιστον ἐστί , ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ ὀλυρέων ποιεῦνται σιτία , τὰς ζειὰς μετεξέτεροι καλέουσι . φυρῶσι τὸ μὲν σταῖς τοῖσι ποσί , τὸν δὲ πηλὸν τῇσι χερσί , καὶ τὴν κόπρον ἀναιρέονται . τὰ αἰδοῖα ὧλλοι μὲν ἐῶσι ὡς ἐγένοντο , πλὴν ὅσοι ἀπὸ τούτων ἔμαθον , Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ περιτάμνονται . εἵματα τῶν μὲν ἀνδρῶν ἕκαστος ἔχει δύο , τῶν δὲ γυναικῶν ἓν ἑκάστη . τῶν ἱστίων τοὺς κρίκους καὶ τοὺς κάλους οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι ἔξωθεν προσδέουσι , Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ ἔσωθεν . γράμματα γράφουσι καὶ λογίζονται ψήφοισι Ἕλληνες μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀριστερῶν ἐπὶ τὰ δεξιὰ φέροντες τὴν χεῖρα , Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν δεξιῶν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀριστερά · καὶ ποιεῦντες ταῦτα αὐτοὶ μὲν φασὶ ἐπὶ δεξιὰ ποιέειν , Ἕλληνας δὲ ἐπ᾽ ἀριστερά . διφασίοισι δὲ γράμμασι χρέωνται , καὶ τὰ μὲν αὐτῶν ἱρὰ τὰ δὲ δημοτικὰ καλέεται .
It
is
sufficient
to
say
this
much
concerning
the
Nile
.
But
concerning
Egypt
,
I
am
going
to
speak
at
length
,
because
it
has
the
most
wonders
,
and
everywhere
presents
works
beyond
description
;
therefore
,
I
shall
say
the
more
concerning
Egypt
.
Just
as
the
Egyptians
have
a
climate
peculiar
to
themselves
,
and
their
river
is
different
in
its
nature
from
all
other
rivers
,
so
,
too
,
have
they
instituted
customs
and
laws
contrary
for
the
most
part
to
those
of
the
rest
of
mankind
.
Among
them
,
the
women
buy
and
sell
,
the
men
stay
at
home
and
weave
;
and
whereas
in
weaving
all
others
push
the
woof
upwards
,
the
Egyptians
push
it
downwards
.
Men
carry
burdens
on
their
heads
,
women
on
their
shoulders
.
Women
pass
water
standing
,
men
sitting
.
They
ease
their
bowels
indoors
,
and
eat
out
of
doors
in
the
streets
,
explaining
that
things
unseemly
but
necessary
should
be
done
alone
in
private
,
things
not
unseemly
should
be
done
openly
.
No
woman
is
dedicated
to
the
service
of
any
god
or
goddess
;
men
are
dedicated
to
all
deities
male
or
female
.
Sons
are
not
compelled
against
their
will
to
support
their
parents
,
but
daughters
must
do
so
though
they
be
unwilling
.
Everywhere else , priests of the gods wear their hair long ; in Egypt , they are shaven . For all other men , the rule in mourning for the dead is that those most nearly concerned have their heads shaven ; Egyptians are shaven at other times , but after a death they let their hair and beard grow . The Egyptians are the only people who keep their animals with them in the house . Whereas all others live on wheat and barley , it is the greatest disgrace for an Egyptian to live so ; they make food from a coarse grain which some call spelt . They knead dough with their feet , and gather mud and dung with their hands . The Egyptians and those who have learned it from them are the only people who practise circumcision . Every man has two garments , every woman only one . The rings and sheets of sails are made fast outside the boat elsewhere , but inside it in Egypt . The Greeks write and calculate from left to right ; the Egyptians do the opposite ; yet they say that their way of writing is towards the right , and the Greek way towards the left . They employ two kinds of writing ; one is called sacred , the other demotic .
Everywhere else , priests of the gods wear their hair long ; in Egypt , they are shaven . For all other men , the rule in mourning for the dead is that those most nearly concerned have their heads shaven ; Egyptians are shaven at other times , but after a death they let their hair and beard grow . The Egyptians are the only people who keep their animals with them in the house . Whereas all others live on wheat and barley , it is the greatest disgrace for an Egyptian to live so ; they make food from a coarse grain which some call spelt . They knead dough with their feet , and gather mud and dung with their hands . The Egyptians and those who have learned it from them are the only people who practise circumcision . Every man has two garments , every woman only one . The rings and sheets of sails are made fast outside the boat elsewhere , but inside it in Egypt . The Greeks write and calculate from left to right ; the Egyptians do the opposite ; yet they say that their way of writing is towards the right , and the Greek way towards the left . They employ two kinds of writing ; one is called sacred , the other demotic .
Herodotus 2.50 & 2.52
Clark, Brian R. / Herodotus
- Created on 2017-05-03 20:49:53
- Modified on 2017-05-04 00:35:13
- Translated by A. D. Godley
- Aligned by Clark, Brian R.
Ἑλληνική Transliterate
English
σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ πάντων τὰ οὐνόματα τῶν θεῶν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἐλήλυθε ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα . διότι μὲν γὰρ ἐκ τῶν βαρβάρων ἥκει , πυνθανόμενος οὕτω εὑρίσκω ἐόν · δοκέω δ᾽ ὦν μάλιστα ἀπ᾽ Αἰγύπτου ἀπῖχθαι . ὅτι γὰρ δὴ μὴ Ποσειδέωνος καὶ Διοσκούρων , ὡς καὶ πρότερόν μοι ταῦτα εἴρηται , καὶ Ἥρης καὶ Ἱστίης καὶ Θέμιος καὶ Χαρίτων καὶ Νηρηίδων , τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν Αἰγυπτίοισι αἰεί κοτε τὰ οὐνόματα ἐστὶ ἐν τῇ χώρῃ . λέγω δὲ τὰ λέγουσι αὐτοὶ Αἰγύπτιοι . τῶν δὲ οὔ φασι θεῶν γινώσκειν τὰ οὐνόματα , οὗτοι δέ μοι δοκέουσι ὑπὸ Πελασγῶν ὀνομασθῆναι , πλὴν Ποσειδέωνος · τοῦτον δὲ τὸν θεὸν παρὰ Λιβύων ἐπύθοντο · οὐδαμοὶ γὰρ ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς Ποσειδέωνος οὔνομα ἔκτηνται εἰ μὴ Λίβυες καὶ τιμῶσι τὸν θεὸν τοῦτον αἰεί . νομίζουσι δ᾽ ὦν Αἰγύπτιοι οὐδ᾽ ἥρωσι οὐδέν . [ 51 ] .
ἔθυον δὲ πάντα πρότερον οἱ Πελασγοὶ θεοῖσι ἐπευχόμενοι , ὡς ἐγὼ ἐν Δωδώνῃ οἶδα ἀκούσας , ἐπωνυμίην δὲ οὐδ᾽ οὔνομα ἐποιεῦντο οὐδενὶ αὐτῶν · οὐ γὰρ ἀκηκόεσάν κω . θεοὺς δὲ προσωνόμασαν σφέας ἀπὸ τοῦ τοιούτου , ὅτι κόσμῳ θέντες τὰ πάντα πρήγματα καὶ πάσας νομὰς εἶχον . ἔπειτα δὲ χρόνου πολλοῦ διεξελθόντος ἐπύθοντο ἐκ τῆς Αἰγύπτου ἀπικόμενα τὰ οὐνόματα τῶν θεῶν τῶν ἄλλων , ( Διονύσου δὲ ὕστερον πολλῷ ἐπύθοντο ) . καὶ μετὰ χρόνον ἐχρηστηριάζοντο περὶ τῶν οὐνομάτων ἐν Δωδώνῃ · ( τὸ γὰρ δὴ μαντήιον τοῦτο νενόμισται ἀρχαιότατον τῶν ἐν Ἕλλησι χρηστηρίων εἶναι , καὶ ἦν τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον μοῦνον ) . ἐπεὶ ὦν ἐχρηστηριάζοντο ἐν τῇ Δωδώνῃ οἱ Πελασγοὶ εἰ ἀνέλωνται τὰ οὐνόματα τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἥκοντα , ἀνεῖλε τὸ μαντήιον χρᾶσθαι . ἀπὸ μὲν δὴ τούτου τοῦ χρόνου ἔθυον τοῖσι οὐνόμασι τῶν θεῶν χρεώμενοι · παρὰ δὲ Πελασγῶν Ἕλληνες ἐξεδέξαντο ὕστερον .
ἔθυον δὲ πάντα πρότερον οἱ Πελασγοὶ θεοῖσι ἐπευχόμενοι , ὡς ἐγὼ ἐν Δωδώνῃ οἶδα ἀκούσας , ἐπωνυμίην δὲ οὐδ᾽ οὔνομα ἐποιεῦντο οὐδενὶ αὐτῶν · οὐ γὰρ ἀκηκόεσάν κω . θεοὺς δὲ προσωνόμασαν σφέας ἀπὸ τοῦ τοιούτου , ὅτι κόσμῳ θέντες τὰ πάντα πρήγματα καὶ πάσας νομὰς εἶχον . ἔπειτα δὲ χρόνου πολλοῦ διεξελθόντος ἐπύθοντο ἐκ τῆς Αἰγύπτου ἀπικόμενα τὰ οὐνόματα τῶν θεῶν τῶν ἄλλων , ( Διονύσου δὲ ὕστερον πολλῷ ἐπύθοντο ) . καὶ μετὰ χρόνον ἐχρηστηριάζοντο περὶ τῶν οὐνομάτων ἐν Δωδώνῃ · ( τὸ γὰρ δὴ μαντήιον τοῦτο νενόμισται ἀρχαιότατον τῶν ἐν Ἕλλησι χρηστηρίων εἶναι , καὶ ἦν τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον μοῦνον ) . ἐπεὶ ὦν ἐχρηστηριάζοντο ἐν τῇ Δωδώνῃ οἱ Πελασγοὶ εἰ ἀνέλωνται τὰ οὐνόματα τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἥκοντα , ἀνεῖλε τὸ μαντήιον χρᾶσθαι . ἀπὸ μὲν δὴ τούτου τοῦ χρόνου ἔθυον τοῖσι οὐνόμασι τῶν θεῶν χρεώμενοι · παρὰ δὲ Πελασγῶν Ἕλληνες ἐξεδέξαντο ὕστερον .
In
fact
,
the
names
of
nearly
all
the
gods
came
to
Hellas
from
Egypt
.
For
I
am
convinced
by
inquiry
that
they
have
come
from
foreign
parts
,
and
I
believe
that
they
came
chiefly
from
Egypt
.
Except
the
names
of
Poseidon
and
the
Dioscuri
,
as
I
have
already
said
,
and
Hera
,
and
Hestia
,
and
Themis
,
and
the
Graces
,
and
the
Nereids
,
the
names
of
all
the
gods
have
always
existed
in
Egypt
.
I
only
say
what
the
Egyptians
themselves
say
.
The
gods
whose
names
they
say
they
do
not
know
were
,
as
I
think
,
named
by
the
Pelasgians
,
except
Poseidon
,
the
knowledge
of
whom
they
learned
from
the
Libyans
.
Alone
of
all
nations
the
Libyans
have
had
among
them
the
name
of
Poseidon
from
the
beginning
,
and
they
have
always
honored
this
god
.
The
Egyptians
,
however
,
are
not
accustomed
to
pay
any
honors
to
heroes
.
…
[
51
]
.
.
.
Formerly , in all their sacrifices , the Pelasgians called upon gods without giving name or appellation to any ( I know this , because I was told at Dodona ) ; for as yet they had not heard of such . They called them gods from the fact that , besides setting everything in order , they maintained all the dispositions . Then , after a long while , first they learned the names of the rest of the gods , which came to them from Egypt , and , much later , the name of Dionysus ; and presently they asked the oracle at Dodona about the names ; for this place of divination , held to be the most ancient in Hellas , was at that time the only one . When the Pelasgians , then , asked at Dodona whether they should adopt the names that had come from foreign parts , the oracle told them to use the names . From that time onwards they used the names of the gods in their sacrifices ; and the Greeks received these later from the Pelasgians .
Formerly , in all their sacrifices , the Pelasgians called upon gods without giving name or appellation to any ( I know this , because I was told at Dodona ) ; for as yet they had not heard of such . They called them gods from the fact that , besides setting everything in order , they maintained all the dispositions . Then , after a long while , first they learned the names of the rest of the gods , which came to them from Egypt , and , much later , the name of Dionysus ; and presently they asked the oracle at Dodona about the names ; for this place of divination , held to be the most ancient in Hellas , was at that time the only one . When the Pelasgians , then , asked at Dodona whether they should adopt the names that had come from foreign parts , the oracle told them to use the names . From that time onwards they used the names of the gods in their sacrifices ; and the Greeks received these later from the Pelasgians .